Tympanuchus

This article is about the bird. For the 1943 film, see Prairie Chickens.

Tympanuchus
Male lesser prairie chicken (T. pallidicinctus)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Galliformes
Family:	Phasianidae
Tribe:	Tetraonini
Genus:	Tympanuchus Gloger, 1841
Type species
Tetrao cupido Linnaeus, 1758
Species
Tympanuchus cupido Tympanuchus pallidicinctus Tympanuchus phasianellus
Synonyms
Pedioecetes

Tympanuchus is a small genus of birds in the grouse family. They are commonly referred to as prairie-chickens.

Taxonomy

The genus Tympanuchus was introduced in 1841 by the German zoologist Constantin Wilhelm Lambert Gloger for the greater prairie chicken. The name combines the Ancient Greek tumpanon meaning "kettle-drum" with ēkheō meaning "to sound".

The genus contains three species:

Genus Tympanuchus – Gloger, 1841 – three species

Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Sharp-tailed grouse	Tympanuchus phasianellus (Linnaeus, 1758) Seven subspecies Tympanuchus phasianellus phasianellus Tympanuchus phasianellus kennicotti Tympanuchus phasianellus caurus Columbian sharp-tailed grouse (Tympanuchus phasianellus columbianus) Tympanuchus phasianellus campestris Tympanuchus phasianellus jamesi †Tympanuchus phasianellus hueyi	north to Alaska, south to California and New Mexico, and east to Quebec, Canada	Size: Habitat: Diet:	LC
Greater prairie-chicken	Tympanuchus cupido (Linnaeus, 1758) Three subspecies Heath hen (Tympanuchus cupido cupido; extinct) Attwater's prairie-chicken (Tympanuchus cupido attwateri) The greater prairie chicken, (Tympanuchus cupido pinnatus)	Central U.S., formerly to the Atlantic coast	Size: Habitat: Diet:	NT
Lesser prairie-chicken	Tympanuchus pallidicinctus (Ridgway, 1873)	western Oklahoma, the Texas Panhandle including the Llano Estacado, eastern New Mexico, and southeastern Colorado.	Size: Habitat: Diet:	VU

All three are among the smaller grouse, from 40 to 43 cm (16 to 17 in) in length. They are found in North America in different types of prairie. In courtship display on leks, males make hooting sounds and dance with the head extended straight forward, the tail up, and colorful neck sacks inflated (shown in the photograph at upper right). Tympanuchus comes from Ancient Greek roots and means "holding a drum"; it refers to the membranous neck sacks and the drum-like call of the greater prairie chicken.

The two prairie chickens are particularly closely related and look extremely similar. But their taxonomy and the evolutionary relationships of the Tympanuchus is yet to be discovered. There is still unknown information about these genera. But one thing we do know is that Tympanuchus are polyphyletic. They have a strong sexual selection (Galla, 2013).

They are commonly seen in the North American Prairies (Galla, 2013).

The extinct heath hen of the American East Coast, usually considered a subspecies of the greater prairie chicken, has been considered a separate species.

References

• Galla, S. J. (2013). Exploring the evolutionary history of north american prairie grouse using multi-locus coalescent analyses (Order No. 1524962).
• Holloway, Joel Ellis (2003). Dictionary of Birds of the United States: Scientific and Common Names. Timber Press. p. 206. ISBN 0-88192-600-0.
• Peterson, Alan P. (Editor). 1999. Zoological Nomenclature Resource (Zoonomen). Accessed 2007-07-29.
• Sibley, David (2000). The Sibley Guide to Birds. Knopf. pp. 146–147. ISBN 0-679-45122-6.
• Storch, Ilse; Bendell, J. F. (2003). "Grouse". In Christopher Perrins (ed.). Firefly Encyclopedia of Birds. Firefly Books. pp. 184–187. ISBN 1-55297-777-3.