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John Bradfield (engineer)

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John Bradfield
CMG
Born26 December 1867
Sandgate, Queensland, Australia
Died23 September 1943 (aged 75)
Gordon, New South Wales, Australia
Resting placeSt Johns Anglican Church, Gordon, New South Wales, Australia
NationalityAustralian
EducationIpswich Grammar School
Alma materUniversity of Sydney
SpouseEdith Bradfield (Jenkins)
Children6
Parent(s)John Edward
Maria Bradfield
Engineering career
Employer(s)New South Wales Department of Public Works
Queensland Railways Department
ProjectsSydney Harbour Bridge
Significant designStory Bridge, Circular Quay railway station
AwardsPeter Nicol Russell Memorial Medal
Telford Medal
Signature

John Job Crew Bradfield CMG (26 December 1867 – 23 September 1943) was an Australian engineer best known as the chief proponent of the Sydney Harbour Bridge, of which he oversaw both the design and construction. He worked for the New South Wales Department of Public Works from 1891 to 1933. He was the first recipient of an engineering doctorate from the University of Sydney, in 1924.[1] Other notable projects with which he was associated include the Cataract Dam (completed 1907), the Burrinjuck Dam (completed 1928), and Brisbane's Story Bridge (completed 1940). The Harbour Bridge formed only one component of the City Circle, Bradfield's grand scheme for the railways of central Sydney, a modified version of which was completed after his death. He was also the designer of an unbuilt irrigation project known as the Bradfield Scheme, which proposed that remote areas of western Queensland and north-eastern South Australia could be made fertile by the diversion of rivers from North Queensland.

Early life

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Bradfield was born on 26 December 1867 in Sandgate, Queensland.[2] He was the fourth son of Maria (née Crew) and John Edward Bradfield, and also had four sisters. His father was a Crimean War veteran who had arrived in Brisbane from England in 1857. Bradfield began his education at the North Ipswich State School before winning a scholarship to Ipswich Grammar School.[3] He was the dux of his school and won the chemistry medal at the senior public examination in 1885. The colonial government awarded him an exhibition to attend the University of Sydney, as Queensland did not have a university of its own at the time. He enrolled at St Andrew's College and graduated as a Bachelor of Engineering (BEng) in 1889, winning the University Medal.[4]

After graduating, Bradfield began working for the Queensland Railways Department as a draftsman under the chief engineer.[5] He married Edith Jenkins in 1891, with whom he had five sons and a daughter. In the same year, he was retrenched due to an economic depression, and instead moved to New South Wales where he became a draftsman in the Department of Public Works. Bradfield became an associate of the Institution of Civil Engineers in 1893 and returned to the University of Sydney to complete a Master of Engineering (MEng) degree, where he won first-class honours and was again awarded the University Medal. He was a founder of the Sydney University Engineering Society and later served two terms as its president.[4]

Professional career

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The original railway network for the Sydney CBD planned by John Bradfield

Bradfield worked on a variety of projects during his time at the New South Wales Department of Public Works, including the Cataract Dam near Sydney and the Burrinjuck Dam across the Murrumbidgee River. In January 1909, he was promoted to the rank of assistant engineer with a salary of £400. The following year he applied unsuccessfully for the position of foundation chair of engineering at the University of Queensland.[4] In 1913 he was appointed chief engineer for metropolitan railway construction,[4] when he commenced his long association with Confidential Secretary, Kathleen M. Butler.[6] In 1915 Bradfield submitted a report outlining a grand scheme for Sydney's railways involving the electrification of the suburban railways, a city underground railway and the Sydney Harbour Bridge. World War I led to the collapse of all three proposals.

During World War I, Bradfield worked with Professor Warren and Mr A.E. Cutler to establish the first civil aviation school, where pilots were trained for overseas service.[7][8]

In 1924, Bradfield was awarded the degree of Doctor of Science (D.Sc.) for a thesis titled "The city and suburban electric railways and the Sydney Harbour Bridge", the first doctorate in engineering awarded by the University of Sydney. In 1935 the University of Queensland awarded him the ad eundem degree of Doctor of Engineering (D.Eng.).[4]

Sydney Harbour Bridge and Bradfield railway scheme

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Main article: Sydney Harbour Bridge
Bradfield doffing his hat to onlookers from the newly constructed Sydney Harbour Bridge
Opening of Tenders Opening of Tenders January 1924. l-r: Seated T. B. Cooper, R. T. Ball. Standing: J. J. C. Bradfield, Kathleen Butler, Mr. Swift.

It was not until 1922 that the Bridge Bill passed through Parliament.[9] Much of his work on the Sydney Harbour Bridge involved the assistance of his Confidential Secretary Kathleen M. Butler, who undertook work which would now be described as that of a project manager or technical adviser, involved in the checking of specifications and negotiations with tenderers[10] and setting up the project's London office in 1924 at Dorman Long and Co Ltd, the contractors appointed to the bridge project.[6]

Bradfield had a grand vision for Sydney's railway system. Bradfield called for the provision of a network of underground city railway lines beneath Sydney's central business district, the construction of the Sydney Harbour Bridge and a new railway station, Central. While the central idea of an underground loop beneath the city was implemented, and stub tunnels built at designated interchanges for provision of future lines, many of his related ideas remain unimplemented. A larger network of lines was proposed for the western, eastern and southern suburbs, however most of these lines remain conceptual and have never been constructed.

The building of the bridge coincided with the construction of a system of underground railways in Sydney's Central business district, known today as the City Circle, and the bridge was designed with this in mind. The bridge was designed to carry four lanes of road traffic, flanked on each side by two railway tracks and a footpath. Both sets of rail tracks were linked into the underground Wynyard railway station on the southern end of the bridge by symmetrical ramps and tunnels.

The eastern-side railway tracks were intended for use by a planned rail link to the Northern Beaches,[citation needed] though they were used for tram services from the North Shore to Wynyard station. The intention was to operate tram services until the implementation of a heavy rail service to the Northern Beaches; however, when tram services were discontinued in 1958, they were converted into extra road traffic lanes, which now serve the Cahill Expressway and a city-bound bus lane.

The Depression, and later World War II, along with the post-War growth of motor vehicle usage led to projected patronage of passenger services in Bradfield's plan being overestimated. Parts of the city underground were constructed and exist as the present-day City Circle. Small sections were also built for additional proposed city lines, such as additional platforms at Wynyard and St James railway stations which have never been used for heavy rail transport.

In 1923, the first sod was turned on the city railway.[9] The City Circle was constructed originally as a stub line to St James, via the Town Hall, Wynyard and towards the Harbour Bridge. It was not until 1955 that the loop was completed by the construction of Circular Quay station. A line to the eastern suburbs was eventually built, but along a different alignment to that envisaged by Bradfield, who proposed a line along Oxford Street.

Bradfield retired from the New South Wales Department of Public Works at the end of July 1933 after 42 years of service with the intention of continuing to work as a consulting engineer.[11]

Other works

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Bradfield and Queensland state governor Leslie Orme Wilson inspecting Brisbane's Story Bridge

Bradfield was the designer and consulting engineer for the Story Bridge, Brisbane.[12] He also designed the Cataract and Burrinjuck Dams.

In October 1938 Bradfield published a proposal (known as the Bradfield Scheme) for diverting some coastal rivers of Queensland onto the western side of the Great Dividing Range.[13] However, it was never implemented. Bradfield designed the Circular Quay railway station. but it was not built until many years after his death.[11]

List of significant projects

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A number of Bradfield's works are listed on the Australian,[14] New South Wales,[15] and Queensland[16] heritage registers:

Bridges, viaducts and other infrastructure

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Bridge / viaduct / infrastructure name Heritage register Use(s) Year completed Image
Sydney Harbour Bridge, approach viaducts, approaches and curtilage, northern pylons;
Bradfield Highway, Sydney; and
Dawes Point		 Australian;
NSW		 Road, rail and pedestrian traffic 1932
Story Bridge, Kangaroo Point Queensland Road and pedestrian traffic 1940
Argyle Street railway sub–station[17][18] Australian;
NSW		 Electricity sub–station 1932

Railway stations

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Railway station Heritage register Railway line(s) Year completed Image
Circular Quay railway station and viaduct NSW City Circle 1956
Museum railway station NSW City Circle 1926
St James underground railway station NSW City Circle 1926
Town Hall underground railway station NSW City Circle 1932
Wynyard underground railway station and
Wynyard former tram tunnels		 NSW City Circle 1932

Personal life

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Graves of John and Maria Bradfield at St Johns Anglican Church, Gordon

Bradfield married Edith Jenkins, daughter of John Ventris Jenkins, in Brisbane on 28 May 1891.[19] They had one daughter Mary Margaret (1892–1984) and five sons: Edward (born 1893), Anthony Bailey (1895–1974), Alan (1903), Stanley George (1906–1951), and Keith Noel Everal (1910–2006).[20] Keith (known as Bill) Bradfield, an engineer with the Department of Civil Aviation, was responsible for changes to Alexandra Canal adjacent to Sydney Airport allowing the airport to expand between 1947 and 1970.[21]

Bradfield died at home in the Northern Sydney suburb of Gordon on 23 September 1943.[22] A memorial service was held at St Andrew's Cathedral and he was buried at St John's Anglican Church, Gordon beside his daughter Mary Margaret.[7] His wife Edith died in 1954 and is interred with him.[20]

Honours

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Bradfield in 1933

Named in his honour are Bradfield highways in both Sydney and Brisbane,[23] the Federal electorate of Bradfield,[24] the North Shore Sewerage Bradfield Carrier[25] in West Killara and Bradfield Senior College, a school for the creative industries in St Leonards. A footbridge in his home town of Ipswich, Queensland was named in his honour in 2010.[26]

A Fellow of the Senate of the University of Sydney,[27] Bradfield was awarded the Peter Nicol Russell Memorial Medal by the Institution of Engineers Australia,[28] and appointed a Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George in 1933.[27][29]

In 1934 he was awarded the Telford Medal by the Publications Committee of the Institution of Civil Engineers of London for his paper The Sydney Harbour Bridge, and its Approaches.[30] In July 1936 the Institution of Civil Engineers in London elected Bradfield as a member of council representing Australia.[31] In August 1940, a plaque was placed on the Story Bridge recognising the contributions of many of those involved, including Bradfield in Brisbane.[12] He was awarded Queensland Institute of Engineers lifetime achievement award in 2007.

The Bradfield Highway in Sydney, which is the main roadway section of the bridge and its approaches, is named in honour of Bradfield's contribution to the bridge.[23]

The locality of West Lindfield, the western part of Lindfield, was originally called Bradfield, between 1924 and 1977, and over that period, was named after John Bradfield. There is still a road there, called Bradfield Road.

In March 2021 it was announced that a new city centre would be named Bradfield by the New South Wales government. The advanced manufacturing and airport city will be built next to Sydney's second airport at Bringelly. The name was selected with community input. A panel made the final decision to honour Bradfield's lasting impact on Sydney, including his major role in the Sydney Harbour Bridge.[32]

References

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  1. ^ Bradfield, John Jacob Crew (1924). "The City and Suburban Electric Railways and the Sydney Harbour Bridge". Sydney eScholarship. University of Sydney. Archived from the original on 23 January 2022. Retrieved 15 October 2021.
  2. ^ "NOTED ENGINEER". Queensland Times. 24 September 1943. Retrieved 21 July 2024.
  3. ^ "DEATH OF DR BRADFIELD". Telegraph. 23 September 1943. Retrieved 21 July 2024.
  4. ^ a b c d e Spearitt, Peter (1979). "Bradfield, John Job Crew (1867–1943)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Archived from the original on 9 April 2013. Retrieved 15 January 2013.
  5. ^ "OBITUARY". Argus. 24 September 1943. Retrieved 21 July 2024.
  6. ^ a b "The bridge designer and his secretary". The Sydney Morning Herald. National Library of Australia. 28 February 1924. p. 10. Archived from the original on 24 September 2023. Retrieved 7 December 2010.
  7. ^ a b "OBITUARY". The Argus. Melbourne: National Library of Australia. 24 September 1943. p. 3. Archived from the original on 17 December 2019. Retrieved 7 December 2010.
  8. ^ "List of New Year Honours". The Brisbane Courier. National Library of Australia. 2 January 1933. p. 9. Archived from the original on 17 December 2019. Retrieved 7 December 2010.
  9. ^ a b Spearritt, P. (2000). Sydney's Century: A History. ISBN 9780868405131. Archived from the original on 14 November 2012. Retrieved 4 February 2008.
  10. ^ "Sydney Harbour Bridge : report on tenders". digital.sl.nsw.gov.au. Archived from the original on 27 November 2022. Retrieved 1 January 2021.
  11. ^ a b "Personal". The Brisbane Courier. National Library of Australia. 2 August 1933. p. 10. Archived from the original on 23 February 2024. Retrieved 7 December 2010.
  12. ^ a b "Last bridge plaques now placed". The Courier-Mail. Brisbane: National Library of Australia. 14 August 1940. p. 6. Archived from the original on 23 February 2024. Retrieved 7 December 2010.
  13. ^ "Augmenting Queensland inland". The Courier-Mail. Brisbane: National Library of Australia. 1 October 1938. p. 6. Archived from the original on 23 February 2024. Retrieved 7 December 2010.
  14. ^ "Sydney Harbour Bridge, Bradfield Hwy, Dawes Point – Milsons Point, NSW, Australia". Australian Heritage Database. Australian Government. 19 March 2007. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 5 April 2012.
  15. ^ "Statutory Listed Items" (Advanced search "Bradfield"). NSW State Heritage Register. Government of New South Wales. Archived from the original on 16 May 2009. Retrieved 5 April 2012.
  16. ^ "Story Bridge (entry 600240)". Queensland Heritage Register. Queensland Heritage Council. Retrieved 12 August 2015.
  17. ^ "The Rocks (Argyle Street) Railway Sub-station and Switchhouse". NSW Office of Environment & Heritage. Archived from the original on 2 April 2017. Retrieved 2 April 2017.
  18. ^ "Argyle Street Substation". Rapid Construction. Archived from the original on 2 April 2017. Retrieved 2 April 2017.
  19. ^ Queensland Registrar-General of Births, Deaths and Marriages
  20. ^ a b New South Wales Registrar-General of Births, Deaths and Marriages
  21. ^ "Alexandra Canal, Airport Dr, Sydney Airport, NSW, Australia". Australian Heritage Database. Australian Government. 24 September 2002. Archived from the original on 6 June 2014. Retrieved 6 April 2012.
  22. ^ "DEATH OF DOR. BRADFIELD". Sydney Morning Herald. 24 September 1943. Retrieved 21 July 2024.
  23. ^ a b Spearritt, Peter, "John Job Crew Bradfield (1867–1943)", Australian Dictionary of Biography, National Centre of Biography, Australian National University, archived from the original on 22 February 2024, retrieved 23 February 2024
  24. ^ "Profile of the electoral division of Bradfield (NSW)". Australian Electoral Commission. 22 February 2012. Archived from the original on 7 April 2012. Retrieved 6 April 2012.
  25. ^ "Bradfield Carrier". Heritage item. Sydney Water. 1 January 2000. Archived from the original on 29 March 2012. Retrieved 6 April 2012.
  26. ^ "Footbridge named in honour of iconic bridge builder" (Press release). City of Ipswich. 17 August 2010. Archived from the original on 2 August 2012. Retrieved 6 April 2012.
  27. ^ a b "NEW SOUTH WALES TITLES". The Advertiser. Adelaide: National Library of Australia. 2 January 1933. p. 14. Archived from the original on 23 February 2024. Retrieved 7 December 2010.
  28. ^ "PERSONAL". The Courier-Mail. Brisbane: National Library of Australia. 26 December 1934. p. 8. Archived from the original on 23 February 2024. Retrieved 7 December 2010.
  29. ^ "Untitled". The Brisbane Courier. Qld.: National Library of Australia. 2 January 1933. p. 9. Archived from the original on 23 February 2024. Retrieved 7 December 2010.
  30. ^ "Dr. Bradfield Honored". Cairns Post. Qld.: National Library of Australia. 2 October 1934. p. 6. Archived from the original on 23 February 2024. Retrieved 7 December 2010.
  31. ^ "COUNTRY WOMEN". Western Mai. Perth: National Library of Australia. 9 July 1936. p. 43. Archived from the original on 23 February 2024. Retrieved 7 December 2010.
  32. ^ Smith, Alexandra (15 March 2021). "Sydney's third city to be named after engineer who shaped the city". The Sydney Morning Herald. Archived from the original on 17 March 2021. Retrieved 17 March 2021.
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