United National Congress
 |
|---|
 Trinidad and Tobago portal |
The United National Congress (abbr. UNC or UNCTT) is one of two major political parties in Trinidad and Tobago and the current parliamentary opposition. The UNC is a centre-left party.[22] It was founded in 1989 by Basdeo Panday, a Trinidadian lawyer, economist, trade unionist, and actor after a split in the ruling National Alliance for Reconstruction (NAR). After spending six years in opposition, the UNC won control of the government in 1995, initially in coalition with the NAR and later on its own. In the 2000 general election, the UNC won an absolute majority in the Parliament. In 2001, a split in the party caused the UNC to lose its parliamentary majority and control of the government. From 2001 to 2010, the UNC was once again Parliamentary Opposition party. In May 2010, the UNC returned to government as the majority party in the People's Partnership. The UNC's Political Leader, Kamla Persad-Bissessar, was sworn in as the first female Prime Minister of Trinidad and Tobago. Kamla Persad-Bissessar was Prime Minister from 2010 until 2015.
The party symbol is the sun rising above the Trinity Hills. Historically, the UNC has been supported by a majority of Indo-Trinidadians and Tobagonians, especially Hindu Indo-Trinidadian and Tobagonians,[23][24] thus it is colloquially called the Indian Party or the Hindu Party.[25] The Spiritual Baptist and other racial and religious minorities of the country also support the party.[26]
In opposition since the 2015 general election, the party holds 19 out of 41 Members of Parliament in the House of Representatives and 6 out of 31 members of the Senate, as mandated by the Constitution of Trinidad and Tobago to the official parliamentary opposition. The party has 67 out of the 139 local councillors and is in control of 7 of the 14 regional corporations since the 2019 Trinidadian local elections. The party has no representation in the Tobago House of Assembly.
As of December 2020, the UNC has 120,000+ registered members.[11]
Opposition party (1989–1995)
[edit]The party was founded on 30 April 1989 following a split in the ruling NAR. Six members of parliament, all of whom were former members of the United Labour Front, left the NAR to form the Caucus for Love, Unity and Brotherhood 1988 (CLUB '88) which was chaired by Rampersad Parasram. CLUB '88 evolved into the UNC with Panday as leader and Parasram as its first chairman.
The UNC won 13 seats in the 1991 general election and became the official opposition. It won a 14th seat in a by-election and gained another in 1995 when Ralph Maraj defected from the ruling People's National Movement (PNM) party. In 1995, the UNC lost one seat when Hulsie Bhaggan, member of parliament for Chaguanas, left the party to form the Movement for Unity and Progress (MUP).
Governing party (1995–2001)
[edit]_(cropped).jpg)
In the 1995 general election, the UNC won 17 of 36 seats and formed a coalition government with the NAR which won 2 seats. In exchange for his support, NAR Political Leader A. N. R. Robinson was first appointed Minister Extraordinaire and then elected President in 1997. Two PNM MPs defected and supported the UNC as independent members. This gave the UNC an absolute majority and caused relations with the NAR to deteriorate.
In the 2000 general election, the UNC won 19 seats and formed a majority government. However, internal party elections in 2001 exposed a rift in the party between Panday and Attorney-General Ramesh Maharaj, who fielded rival slates. Maharaj's slate termed itself 'Team Unity'. Though Panday was not challenged as Political Leader, Maharaj's slate won 21 of the 24 executive posts, and Maharaj himself was elected Deputy Leader.
Panday refused to recommend Maharaj as Acting Prime Minister in his absence. Maharaj countered by initiating investigations into charges of corruption by Panday and his supporters. Panday then reduced the ministerial portfolios of Maharaj and his supporters. This led to the defection of Maharaj; two of his supporters, Agriculture Minister Trevor Sudama and Information Technology Minister Ralph Maraj, formed a new political party: Team Unity. Early elections were called in 2001, in which the UNC was reduced to 18 seats in the House of Representatives. The opposition PNM, which also won 18 seats, was called upon to form the government.
Return to opposition (2001–2010)
[edit].gif)
2002 general election
[edit]During the 2002 general elections, the UNC won 46.5% of the popular vote and 16 out of 36 seats in the House of Representatives. It became the opposition party to the ruling PNM government, which held the other 20 seats.
Party infighting
[edit]In April 2005, the UNC was further weakened when Pointe-à-Pierre MP Gillian Lucky and San Juan MP Fuad Khan declared themselves to be "independent UNC members" and relocated to the Opposition backbenches. On 31 May 2005, Panday, his wife Oma, former UNC MP Carlos John, and party financier Ishwar Galbaransingh were arrested for bribery. Panday refused bail and remained in prison for eight days.
On 2 September 2005, Panday announced that he would be willing to hand over party leadership to Winston Dookeran, MP for St. Augustine, if Panday could remain party chairman.[27] As a result of negotiations between the two, Dookeran was nominated unopposed for the post of Political Leader and Panday was nominated unopposed for the party Chairmanship. However, both fielded rival slates for the remaining 16 executive posts.
On 2 October, Panday's slate won 12 of the posts including two of the three deputy leader positions and, after a recount, the vice-chairmanship. Dookeran's slate won the 4 remaining posts. Members of Dookeran's slate called for Panday's resignation as Leader of the Opposition. Gerald Yetming, MP for St. Joseph, joined the Opposition backbenches in protest of Panday's refusal to relinquish his position.
In February 2006, Panday announced that he had reconciled with Maharaj, who marked his return to the party by speaking at a party rally held at Mid-Centre Mall in Chaguanas on 19 February. At that rally, Dookeran criticized his party for accepting Maharaj's return and was booed by the crowd.
On 8 March 2006, Yetming announced he was formally leaving the UNC and would serve out his term as an independent. His chief reason was the return of Maharaj to the UNC, a move which he opposed.
As internal wranglings continued in the party, it appeared that a rift between Dookeran and the Executive was deepening. Newspaper accounts indicated that pro-Panday executives and Dookeran were largely functioning independently of each other. Dookeran also suffered a loss of support as Deputy Leader Jack Warner and Roodal Moonilal, MP for Oropouche, announced their support of Panday.
In March, Senator Robin Montano's Senate appointment was revoked by Panday. Montano had supported Dookeran and opposed the return of Maharaj to the UNC.
On 24 April, Panday was convicted of fraud for failing to disclose a bank account under the rules of the Integrity Act. He was sentenced to 2 years hard labour. At the UNC rally held that night Dookeran was not permitted to speak on the platform. Maharaj, however was seated centre stage at that rally.
On 25 April, Panday's appointment as Opposition Leader was revoked by President George Maxwell Richards. In a surprise move the next day, seven UNC MPs announced their support of Deputy Political Leader Kamla Persad-Bissessar as the new Opposition Leader. Persad-Bissessar was appointed Opposition Leader the following day but stated that she would step aside should Panday's appeal prove successful.
The Courts released Panday on bail on Friday 28 April, on the ground of his medical ailments.[28] Following his release on bail, he tendered his resignation as chairman of the party on 1 May 2006.[29] The UNC executive did not immediately accept his resignation.[30]
Resignation of Dookeran and return of Panday
[edit]In the months following, infighting in the UNC increased. Dookeran and the party Executive were entrenched in opposing positions. Dookeran organised his own political apparatus and held political meetings without the Executive's consent. He also ceased to attend Executive meetings and his few allies on the Executive were removed. Persad-Bissessar also replaced Dookeran's supporters in the appointed Senate.
Amidst the infighting, Panday returned to active politics in August 2006 and attempted to publicly broker a reconciliation between the two factions. This proved fruitless. Many, including Panday's supporters, privately held the view that Panday was working behind the scenes to undermine Dookeran's support within the Executive. Dookeran, who was seen as the legitimate Political Leader of the UNC, was unable to exercise the full powers granted to him in the Party's Constitution. However, Dookeran's call for internal change within the UNC was negatively viewed by some of the party's 'old guards' who felt their position threatened.
Panday loyalists organised themselves into a five-member Leadership Council, composed of the three Deputy Leaders (Persad-Bissessar, Wade Mark, and Jack Warner), the Party CEO Tim Gopeesingh, and the newly returned Maharaj. Panday was said to have been appointed as an advisor to the council.
On 10 September at a large rally, Dookeran announced his resignation as UNC Political Leader and the formation of a new party: the Congress of the People. On 11 September, Panday resumed the Chairmanship of the party, and on 3 January 2007, Panday was reinstated as Political Leader of the party.
2007 general election
[edit]In the 5 November 2007 general election, the party won 29.73% of the popular vote and 15 out of 41 seats.[31]
Rise of Kamla Persad-Bissessar
[edit]
On 24 January 2010, Kamla Persad-Bissessar, member of parliament for Siparia, was elected the new leader of the UNC.[32] In the internal election, she won 13,932 votes compared to 1,359 for Basdeo Panday and 1,072 for Ramesh Maharaj and became the first female leader of a major political party in Trinidad and Tobago.
Return to government (2010–2015)
[edit]Based on a campaign of change against the PNM, the UNC was successful in the 2010 general election, and Persad-Bissessar was appointed as the first-ever female Prime Minister of Trinidad and Tobago. The UNC won a majority of 21 seats. Their coalition controlled 29 seats in total; the Congress of the People won 6 seats and the Tobago Organization of the People won Tobago's only 2 seats.
After the election, the coalition showed signs of weakening. The Movement for Social Justice, which did not win any seats in the election, left the coalition due to discontent with the running of the government. The Tobago Organization of the People failed to win a single seat in the 2013 Tobago House of Assembly elections.
During 2013, the UNC lost 2 seats in by-elections in St. Joseph and Chaguanas West.
Second return to opposition (2015- )
[edit]2015 general election
[edit]In the 2015 general elections, the party won 18 of the 41 seats in the elections to form the main Opposition party in the 11th parliament of Trinidad and Tobago. Persad-Bissessar was appointed Leader of the Opposition by President Anthony Carmona on 21 September 2015.
2015 internal election
[edit]An internal party election was held on 5 December 2015, which Kamla Persad-Bissessar won as political leader of the party against Roodal Moonilal and Vasant Bharath.[33] Controversy arose when ballots in favor of Roodal Moonilal were found near a river and at the back of a school used as a polling station. The ballots were left out in the open with no visible attempts to destroy or hide them. Some names were found twice on the voting list, which may have allowed one individual to vote twice. Moonilal filed a complaint for these issues to be rectified, however Kamla Persad-Bissessar was declared the winner.[34]
2016 local election
[edit]In the 2016 local election, the party won 54 of the 137 seats in the elections and held the majority in 6 of the 14 local councils. According to the election authorities, three of the UNC's candidates were found ineligible or withdrew themselves before polling day, resulting in a walkover victory for the PNM in one district.[35]
2017 internal election
[edit]In the 2017 internal elections Kamla Persad-Bissessar won virtually all of the votes to continue as political leader of the party against Chanda Bhaggan and Christine Newallo Hosein.[36] The voter turnout was the lowest recorded in an internal election for the UNC at the time.[37]
2020 general elections
[edit]The 2020 general elections took place on the 10th of August 2020 during the COVID-19 pandemic. The UNC's campaign was based on the incumbent PNM government's mishandling of the COVID-19 pandemic, not doing more to control the Venezuelan refugee crisis and having a failing economy.[38][39] However, Leader of the Opposition Kamla Persad-Bissessar faced backlash due to her statements on her opponent Prime Minister Keith Rowley as a "blank man on the other side", which many interpreted her as saying the "black man", however it was noted that later in her speech's transcript she referenced the "blank man" numerous times.[40] The party also faced questions of corruption amid a police investigation that involved members of the UNC.[41] The UNC won 19 of the 41 constituencies, giving them two more seat than previously held. The results in six constituencies were subject to recounts, causing the final election results to be delayed by a week.[42] This was the first parliamentary election in Trinidad and Tobago where the result was not finalized the day after the election.[43] However, after the recount the UNC did not gain any constituencies, and remained the opposition in the parliament.
2020 internal election
[edit]The 2020 internal election took place on the 6th of December 2020,[44] after Opposition Leader Kamla Persad-Bissessar, the current leader of the UNC, faced losses commencing in January 2013 with the wipeout of her People's Partnership-led administration from the Tobago House of Assembly due to the landslide victory of the Tobago Council of the People's National Movement at the 2013 Tobago House of Assembly election, loss in the 2015 Trinidad and Tobago general election and loss in the 2020 Trinidad and Tobago general election.[45][46] The candidates for political leader were incumbent Kamla Persad-Bissessar on Team Star against former member of parliament for St. Augustine and former Minister of Trade, Industry and Investment in the People's Partnership's government, Vasant Bharath, on Team Lotus. Former senator and Minister of Transport in the People's Partnership's government, Devant Maharaj, was an early candidate for political leader, but was never formally nominated as he dropped out on nomination day on the 15th of November 2020, citing irregularities in the voting process. He endorsed Vasant Bharath and Team Lotus.[47][48][49]
Focus on the leadership election occurred when Anita Haynes, Public Relations Officer of the UNC, was questioned by reporters on whether or not the Opposition Leader Kamla Persad-Bissessar would resign.[50][51][52][53] Devant Maharaj was a leading figure in calling for Kamla Persad-Bissessar to step down as political leader. He actively called for her to step down on social media and on billboards he had put up.[54] On the 27th of October 2020, Kamla Persad-Bissessar announced the date for the internal election to be held on Sunday the 6th of December 2020.[55]
On election night, Persad-Bissessar said her Team Star was on the path to defeat Bharath's Team Lotus. She called for unity within the party and said their main political opponent was the People's National Movement. She claimed under her continued leadership that she would work to make the party more united and stronger. She also acknowledged that there was some reports of elections issues, but that overall everything had gone well. Persad-Bissessar said that the low voter turnout was due to the COVID-19 pandemic, as it was in the general election.[56] Bharath conceded shortly after midnight and congratulated Persad-Bissessar and wished her success. He also stated the party needs to determine the reason for the low voter turnout then they need to "inspire their ground troops" to win the next general election. Bharath stated that he was willing to work with Persad-Bissessar to help rebuild the party. However, he mentioned that there were irregularities in the election which he had warned about and many were unable to vote. He said that active campaigner on Persad-Bissessar's team were presiding officers, his team was not granted access to a revised list of electors, that there were reports of voters being verbally abused and intimidated, there was paraphernalia of the Star Team being distributed at some precincts, and that his father John Bharath, a founding member of the UNC, was not on the voting list and that there were other people who were not on the revised voter list who were allowed to vote.[57][11] Devant Maharaj called on Persad-Bissessar to embrace all and rebuild the party.[57] The election had the lowest voter turnout for an UNC internal election with only 17,066 members out of 120,000+ members coming out to vote. This follows after the last internal election in 2017 was recorded to have the lowest voter turnout.[58]
Founder of the party, Basdeo Panday, commented before the election that the UNC had no future under the leadership of Kamla Persad-Bissessar nor Vassant Bharath and would eventually die out.[59] He reiterated again after the election results that the UNC would die, pointing that it had the lowest voter turn out for an UNC internal election and says that the COVID-19 pandemic had nothing to do with it as the last internal election was the same. He further said that Kamla Persad-Bissessar killed the party "beyond repair" and that the only way to end the "tribal politics" was for a new party to be formed.[58] However, political analyst Mukesh Basdeo disagreed with Panday, saying that the party received a significant number of votes despite the COVID-19 pandemic and that had the election been held in other conditions then it would have showed a decline in the interest of the party. He also stated that the pandemic deterred people from coming out to vote. He noted that smaller third parties were crushed in the 2020 general election and that most of the votes went to the two major parties, the UNC and the PNM.[58]
2022 internal election
[edit]2024 internal election
[edit]List of political leaders
[edit]The political leaders of the United National Congress have been as follows (any acting leaders indicated in italics):
Key:
PM: Prime Minister
| Leader | Term of Office | Position | Prime Minister | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Basdeo Panday |
|
16 October 1988 | 2 October 2005 | LO 1990–1995 | Robinson | |
| PM 1995–2001 | himself | ||||||
| LO 2001–2006 | Manning | ||||||
| 2 | Winston Dookeran | .jpg)
|
2 October 2005 | 10 September 2006 | MP | Manning | |
| 3 | Basdeo Panday |
|
10 September 2006 | 24 January 2010 | LO 2007–2010 | Manning | |
| 4 | Kamla Persad-Bissessar |
|
24 January 2010 | Incumbent | LO 2006–2007 | Manning | |
| LO 2010 | Manning | ||||||
| PM 2010–2015 | herself | ||||||
| LO 2015–present | Rowley | ||||||
Electoral history
[edit]House of Representatives
[edit]
 | Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org. |
| Election | Party leader | Votes | Seats | Position | Government | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. | % | ± | No. | ± | |||||
| 1991 | Basdeo Panday | 151,046 | 29.2% | — | 13 / 36
|
 13
|
2nd | PNM | |
| 1995 | 240,372 | 45.8% | 16.6%
|
17 / 36
|
4
|
 2nd
|
UNC–NAR | ||
| 2000 | 307,791 | 51.7% | 5.9%
|
19 / 36
|
2
|
1st
|
UNC | ||
| 2001 | 279,002 | 49.9% |  1.8%
|
18 / 36
|
1
|
1st
|
PNM Minority | ||
| 2002 | 284,391 | 46.9% | 3.0%
|
16 / 36
|
2
|
2nd
|
PNM | ||
| 2007 | 194,425 | 29.7% | 17.2%
|
15 / 41
|
1
|
2nd
|
PNM | ||
| 2010 | Kamla Persad-Bissessar | 316,600 | 43.7% | 13.9%
|
21 / 41
|
6
|
1st
|
PP | |
| 2015 | 290,066 | 39.6% | 4.1%
|
17 / 41
|
4
|
2nd
|
PNM | ||
| 2020 | 309,188 | 47.1% | 7.5%
|
19 / 41
|
2
|
2nd
|
PNM | ||
Corporations
[edit]
| Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org. |
| Election[60] | Votes | Councillors | Corporations | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Leader | No. | Vote share | ± | No. | ± | No. | ± | ||
| 1992 | Basdeo Panday | 113,502 | 36.9% | 4.5%
|
53 / 139
|
53
|
4 / 14
|
1
| |
| 1996 | 177,848 | 49.9% | 13.0%
|
61 / 124
|
8
|
6 / 14
|
2
| ||
| 1999 | 176,840 | 52.2% | 2.3%
|
57 / 124
|
4
|
6 / 14
|
| ||
| 2003 | 147,727 | 45.6% | 6.6%
|
43 / 126
|
14
|
5 / 14
|
1
| ||
| 2010 | Kamla Persad-Bissessar | 202,380 | 52.0% | 6.4%
|
88 / 134
|
45
|
9 / 14
|
4
| |
| 2013 | 121,944 | 27.0% | 25.0%
|
44 / 136
|
44
|
5 / 14
|
4
| ||
| 2016 | 180,798 | 50.0% | 23.0%
|
54 / 137
|
8
|
6 / 14
|
1
| ||
| 2019 | 202,584 | 54.4% | 4.5%
|
65 / 139
|
9
|
7 / 14
|
1
| ||
| 2023 | 173,961 | 52.5% | 1.9%
|
70 / 141
|
5
|
7 / 14
|
| ||
Tobago House of Assembly
[edit] | Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org. |
| Election | Leader | Votes | Seats | Position | Government | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. | % | ± | No. | ± | |||||
| 2001[61] | Basdeo Panday | 1,757 | 7.8 | — | 0 / 12
|
|
3rd | PNM | |
Members of the National Executive (NATEX) of the Party
[edit]| Position | Officeholder | |
|---|---|---|
| Political Leader | Kamla Persad-Bissessar | |
| Deputy Political Leaders |
| |
| Chairman | Davendranath Tancoo | |
| Vice Chairwoman | Khadijah Ameen | |
| General Secretary | Peter Kanhai | |
| Policy and Strategy Officer | Sean S. Sobers | |
| Education Officer | Vandana Mohit | |
| Research Officer | Saddam Hosein | |
| Elections Officer | Don T. Sylvester | |
| Treasurer | Neil Gosine | |
| Party Organizer | Ravi Ratiram | |
| International Relations Officer | Wilfred Nicholas Morris | |
| Northeast Regional Representative | Anil Roberts | |
| South Regional Representative | Shanty Boodram | |
| Northwest Regional Representative | Eli A. Zakour | |
| Central Regional Representative | Barry Padarath | |
| Tobago Regional Representative | Taharqa Obika | |
| Youth Arm Chairman | Daniel Rasheed | |
| Women's Arm Chairwoman | Kenya Charles | |
| Public Relations Officer | Kirk Meighoo | |
| Social Media Manager | William Archie | |
| Legal Officer | Brian Baig | |
Youth Arm
[edit]The new executive members of the UNC Youth Arm are as follows:[62]
| Position | Officeholder | |
|---|---|---|
| Chairman | Daniel Rasheed | |
| Vice Chairwoman | Shaniqua Piper | |
| Secretary | Tramaine Edwards | |
| Assistant Secretary | Amaara Hosein | |
| Welfare Officer | Krishna Avidesh Sankar | |
Women's Arm
[edit]The executive members of the UNC Women's Arm are:
| Position | Officeholder | |
|---|---|---|
| Chairwoman | Kenya Charles | |
| Vice Chairwoman | Vandana Mohit | |
| Secretary | Sophia St.Hilaire | |
| Assistant Secretary | Racquel Ghany | |
| Treasurer | Wendy Renuka Francis | |
| Welfare Officer | J-Lynn Roopnarine | |
| Public Relations Officer | Marissa Ramlogan | |
References
[edit]- ^ "Political Leader". 6 March 2014. Archived from the original on 19 January 2021. Retrieved 10 December 2020.
- ^ a b c "Facebook". www.facebook.com.
- ^ a b c "Kamla reveals her 'UNC Stars' slate". Trinidad and Tobago Newsday. 20 November 2020. Archived from the original on 28 November 2020. Retrieved 10 December 2020.
- ^ "Chairman". 6 March 2014. Archived from the original on 19 January 2021. Retrieved 10 December 2020.
- ^ "General Secretary". 6 March 2014. Archived from the original on 19 January 2021. Retrieved 12 February 2021.
- ^ "Victory for Kamla's Star Team in UNC internal elections".
- ^ "UNC Natex". 27 February 2013. Archived from the original on 20 January 2021. Retrieved 10 December 2020.
- ^ Lansford, Tom (19 March 2019). Political Handbook of the World 2018-2019. CQ Press. ISBN 9781544327136. Archived from the original on 25 February 2022. Retrieved 22 August 2021.
- ^ "UNC moves headquarters again". 31 December 2022. Archived from the original on 1 January 2023. Retrieved 4 March 2023.
- ^ "About Us". 7 August 2021. Archived from the original on 21 September 2021. Retrieved 21 September 2021.
- ^ a b c "Vasant concedes to Kamla in UNC poll". Trinidad and Tobago Newsday. 7 December 2020. Archived from the original on 7 December 2020. Retrieved 7 December 2020.
- ^ Verma, Neena. ""ARRIVAL, SURVIVAL, AND BEYOND SURVIVAL" THE INDO-TRINIDADIAN JOURNEY TO POLITICAL AND CULTURAL ASCENDANCY" (PDF).
- ^ "The link between labour and politics". 19 December 2021.
- ^ Taylor, Kenwyn (March 2012). "MULTICULTURALISM AND THE POLITICAL PROCESS IN TRINIDAD: A CASE STUDY". Journal of the Department of Behavioural Sciences. 1 (1).
- ^ "Look to Canada for help".
- ^ Encyclopedia of World Political Systems. Routledge. 2016. ISBN 978-1-317-47156-1. Archived from the original on 25 February 2022. Retrieved 31 May 2020.
- ^ Encyclopedia of World Political Systems. Routledge. 2016. ISBN 978-1-317-47156-1. Archived from the original on 25 February 2022. Retrieved 31 May 2020.
- ^ "Trinidad and Tobago / Wirtschaftsanalysen - Coface". www.coface.at. Archived from the original on 1 December 2020. Retrieved 31 May 2020.
- ^ "Prakash Ramadhar on Partnership". 9 December 2015. Archived from the original on 17 April 2016. Retrieved 5 July 2020.
- ^ "Tweet". Twitter. Archived from the original on 26 May 2021. Retrieved 5 July 2020.
- ^ Alexander, Gail. "MND finally joins UNC/NTA alliance for LG run". The Guardian.
- ^ East, Roger; Thomas, Richard J. (2014). Profiles of People in Power: The World's Government Leaders. Routledge. p. 526. ISBN 9781317639404. Archived from the original on 25 February 2022. Retrieved 24 April 2019.
- ^ "Trinidad and Tobago (11/03)". U.S. Department of State. Archived from the original on 14 February 2019. Retrieved 14 February 2019.
- ^ "The legacy of Indian migration to European colonies". The Economist. 2 September 2017. Archived from the original on 1 September 2017. Retrieved 2 September 2017.
- ^ Abraham, Sara (2007). Labour and the Multiracial Project in the Caribbean: Its History and Its Promise. ISBN 9780739116869. Archived from the original on 25 February 2022. Retrieved 22 August 2021.
- ^ "Archbishop Burke staying true to UNC".
- ^ Alexander, Gail (4 September 2005). "UNC leadership for Dookeran on condition". The Trinidad Guardian. Archived from the original on 26 September 2007.
- ^ Seuraj, Indarjit, Jail can’t cope with serious illness...Panday granted bail Archived 26 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine, Trinidad Guardian, 29 April 2006.
- ^ Panday stuns crowd Archived 1 July 2006 at the Wayback Machine, Trinidad and Tobago Newsday, 3 May 2006
- ^ Alexander, Gail, UNC execs want Panday to stay Archived 26 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine, Trinidad Guardian, 3 May 2006.
- ^ See for more information 2007 Trinidad and Tobago general election.
- ^ "Trinidad News, Trinidad Newspaper, Trinidad Sports, Trinidad politics, Trinidad and Tobago, Tobago News, Trinidad classifieds, Trinidad TV, Sports, Business". Archived from the original on 2 April 2010. Retrieved 9 April 2010.
- ^ "Official results of UNC Internal Elections 2015". 7 December 2015. Archived from the original on 28 July 2019. Retrieved 7 December 2020.
- ^ "Kamla Persad-Bissessar wins UNC elections". 9 December 2015. Archived from the original on 25 February 2022. Retrieved 7 December 2020.
- ^ "Report of the Elections and Boundaries Commission on the Local Government Elections Held on 28th November 2016" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 May 2018. Retrieved 24 May 2018.
- ^ "Facebook". www.facebook.com. Archived from the original on 25 February 2022. Retrieved 7 December 2020.
- ^ "UNC election sees lowest voter turnout in party's history". www.looptt.com. Archived from the original on 15 July 2019. Retrieved 12 February 2021.
- ^ "Trinidad and Tobago PM Claims Election Victory for Ruling Party". www.usnews.com. 11 August 2020. Archived from the original on 23 December 2020. Retrieved 12 February 2021.
- ^ "Trinidad and Tobago poll: Governing party claims victory". BBC News. 11 August 2020. Archived from the original on 15 April 2021. Retrieved 7 December 2020.
- ^ Nneka Parsanlal (16 July 2020). "Watch: 'Black' or 'blank' what did Kamla say? | Loop News". Looptt.com. Archived from the original on 8 January 2021. Retrieved 12 February 2021.
- ^ "After PNM win, Trinidad opposition demands election recount | Miami Herald". Miami Herald. Archived from the original on 5 September 2020. Retrieved 7 December 2020.(subscription required)
- ^ Neaves, Julien (18 August 2020). "EBC recounts show minor changes". Trinidad and Tobago Newsday. Archived from the original on 20 August 2020. Retrieved 20 August 2020.
- ^ Charles, Jacqueline (11 August 2020). "After PNM win, Trinidad opposition demands election recount". Miami Herald. Archived from the original on 5 September 2020. Retrieved 20 August 2020.
- ^ "Watch: Date for UNC internal election announced". www.looptt.com. Archived from the original on 4 December 2020. Retrieved 27 October 2020.
- ^ "People have sent message". www.guardian.co.tt. Archived from the original on 5 September 2020. Retrieved 12 August 2020.
- ^ "Government loses key by-election". country.eiu.com. Archived from the original on 5 September 2020. Retrieved 12 August 2020.
- ^ "Devant out election race, Kamla a no-show on UNC nomination day". www.guardian.co.tt. Archived from the original on 22 November 2020. Retrieved 12 February 2021.
- ^ "Two-way race for UNC leadership as Devant pulls out". Trinidad and Tobago Newsday. 15 November 2020. Archived from the original on 21 November 2020. Retrieved 7 December 2020.
- ^ "Bodoe, Sobers predict clean sweep for Kamla". Trinidad and Tobago Newsday. 6 December 2020. Archived from the original on 6 December 2020. Retrieved 7 December 2020.
- ^ "UNC has full confidence in Kamla". Trinidad and Tobago Newsday. 12 August 2020. Archived from the original on 20 June 2021. Retrieved 12 August 2020.
- ^ "'No election observers' - UNC calls for recount in 5 seats". Trinidad Express Newspapers. Archived from the original on 5 October 2020. Retrieved 12 August 2020.
- ^ "UNC: Full Confidence in Kamla despite election loss | 103FM: First, Finest, Forever". Archived from the original on 22 October 2020. Retrieved 12 August 2020.
- ^ "Trinidad & Tobago: 'No election observers' – UNC calls for recount in 5 seats". CARIBREPORT.COM. 11 August 2020. Archived from the original on 12 August 2020. Retrieved 12 August 2020.
- ^ "Devant : 'I am behind billboards calling for Kamla to go'". Trinidad and Tobago Newsday. 13 September 2020. Archived from the original on 5 December 2020. Retrieved 10 December 2020.
- ^ "Opposition Leader announces date for Internal Elections for her party | I955 FM".
- ^ "Victorious Kamla calls for unity". Trinidad Express Newspapers. 7 December 2020. Archived from the original on 11 December 2020. Retrieved 10 December 2020.
- ^ a b "Vasant concedes defeat, with an appeal". Trinidad Express Newspapers. 7 December 2020. Archived from the original on 7 December 2020. Retrieved 10 December 2020.
- ^ a b c "Panday: UNC is going to die". www.guardian.co.tt. Archived from the original on 6 January 2021. Retrieved 12 February 2021.
- ^ "Panday: No future for UNC under Kamla, Bharath". Trinidad and Tobago Newsday. 17 November 2020. Archived from the original on 5 December 2020. Retrieved 10 December 2020.
- ^ "Publications and Reports | Elections And Boundaries Commission". Archived from the original on 2 May 2020. Retrieved 8 May 2020.
- ^ "Publications and Reports | Elections And Boundaries Commission". Archived from the original on 2 May 2020. Retrieved 16 November 2020.
- ^ "Youth Arm". 7 March 2014. Archived from the original on 25 January 2021. Retrieved 10 December 2020.
Further reading
[edit]- Brereton, Bridget M. (2020). "United National Congress". www.britannica.com. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Retrieved 7 March 2022.
External links
[edit]| General elections | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Local elections |
| ||||
| West Indies elections | |||||
| International | |
|---|---|
| National | |
