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Charles Thomson Rees Wilson

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Charles Thomson Rees Wilson
CH FRS
Wilson in 1927
Born(1869-02-14)14 February 1869
Glencorse, Midlothian, Scotland
Died15 November 1959(1959-11-15) (aged 90)
Carlops, Scottish Borders, Scotland
Alma materOwens College
Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge
Known forWilson chamber
Atmospheric electricity
Spouse
Jessie Fraser
​
(m. 1908)​
Children4
Awards
Scientific career
FieldsPhysics
Meteorology
InstitutionsSidney Sussex College, Cambridge
Academic advisorsJ. J. Thomson
Doctoral studentsPhilip Dee
C. F. Powell

Charles Thomson Rees Wilson CH FRS[1] (14 February 1869 – 15 November 1959) was a Scottish physicist and meteorologist who won the Nobel Prize in Physics for his invention of the cloud chamber.[2][3]

Education and early life

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Wilson was born in the parish of Glencorse, Midlothian to Annie Clark Harper and John Wilson, a sheep farmer. After his father died in 1873, he moved with his family to Manchester. With financial support from his step-brother he studied biology at Owens College, now the University of Manchester, with the intent of becoming a doctor. In 1887, he graduated from the college with a BSc. He won a scholarship to attend Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge, where he became interested in physics and chemistry. In 1892 he received 1st class honours in both parts of the Natural Science Tripos.[4][5][6]

Career

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He became particularly interested in meteorology, and in 1893 he began to study clouds and their properties. Beginning in 1894, he worked for some time at the observatory on Ben Nevis,[7] where he made observations of cloud formation. He was particularly fascinated by the appearance of glories.[8] He then tried to reproduce this effect on a smaller scale at the Cavendish Laboratory in Cambridge, expanding humid air within a sealed container.

In 1895 he discovered that at a large enough expansion ratio supersaturated water vapour condensates even without dust which he removed by previous condensations, contrary to the previous research by John Aitken.[9] Under J. J. Thomson's mentorship by 1896 he found out that X-rays stimulate the condensation just as well as dust.[10]

He later experimented with the creation of cloud trails in his chamber by condensation onto ions generated by radioactivity. Several of his cloud chambers survive.[11]

Wilson was made Fellow of Sidney Sussex College, and University Lecturer and Demonstrator in 1900.[3] He was known by some as a poor lecturer, due to a pronounced stutter,[12] but he did teach a course on atmospheric electricity as a visiting lecturer at Imperial College London.[13]

In 1906 he hypothesized that cosmic radiation might generate the ions causing condensation without apparent reasons.[14]

Contributions

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The invention of the cloud chamber was by far Wilson's signature accomplishment, earning him the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1927.[6] The Cavendish laboratory praised him for the creation of "a novel and striking method of investigating the properties of ionized gases".[15] The cloud chamber allowed huge experimental leaps forward in the study of subatomic particles and the field of particle physics, generally. Some have credited Wilson with making the study of particles possible at all.[8]

Commemorative plaque at Ben Nevis about the observatory there, and C.T.R. Wilson's cloud chamber

Wilson published numerous papers on meteorology and physics, on topics including X-rays,[16] ionization,[17] thundercloud formation,[18] and other meteorological events.[8] Wilson may also have observed a sprite in 1924, 65 years before their official discovery.[19] Weather was a focus of his work throughout his career, from his early observations at Ben Nevis to his final paper, on thunderclouds.[20][18]

Method

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Retrospectively, Wilson's experimental method has received some attention from scholars.

In a period of scientific inquiry characterized by a divide between "analytical" and "morphological" scientists, Wilson's method of inquiry represented a hybrid. While some scientists believed phenomena should be observed in pure nature, others proposed laboratory-controlled experiments as the premier method for inquiry. Wilson used a combination of methods in his experiments and investigations.[21] Wilson's work "made things visible whose properties had only previously been deduced indirectly".[8]

He has been called "almost the last of the great individual experimenters in physics".[12] He used his cloud chamber in various ways to demonstrate the operating principles of things like subatomic particles and X-rays.[16][17] But his primary interest, and the subject of the bulk of his papers, was meteorology.[21]

Awards, honours and legacy

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Wilson was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1900.[1]

The original cloud chamber of C.T.R. Wilson
Wilson's Cloud Chamber at AEC's Brookhaven National Laboratory

For the invention of the cloud chamber he received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1927.[8][6] He shared this prize with the American physicist Arthur Compton, rewarded for his work on the particle nature of radiation.[20] Despite Wilson's great contribution to particle physics, he remained interested in atmospheric physics, specifically atmospheric electricity, for his entire career.[22][23] For example, his last research paper, published in 1956 when he was in his late eighties (at that time he was the oldest FRS to publish a paper in the Royal Society's journals), was on atmospheric electricity.[18]

The Wilson crater on the Moon is named after him, Alexander Wilson and Ralph Elmer Wilson.[24] The Wilson Condensation Cloud formations that occur after large explosions, such as nuclear detonations, are named after him.[25] The Wilson Society, the scientific society of Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge is named in his honour,[26] as is the CTR Wilson Institute for Atmospheric Electricity, the Atmospheric Electricity Special Interest Group of the Royal Meteorological Society.

The archives of C.T.R. Wilson are maintained by the Archives of the University of Glasgow.[27]

In 2012, the Royal Society of Edinburgh held a meeting in honour of Wilson, the "Great Scottish Physicist".[23]

Personal life

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In 1908, Wilson married Jessie Fraser, the daughter of a minister from Glasgow. The couple had four children. His family knew him as patient and curious, and fond of taking walks in the hills near his home.[19] He died at his home in Carlops on 15 November 1959, surrounded by his family.[4]

References

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  1. ^ a b Blackett, P. M. S. (1960). "Charles Thomson Rees Wilson 1869–1959". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 6: 269–295. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1960.0037. S2CID 73384198.
  2. ^ Asimov's Biographical Encyclopedia of Science and Technology, Isaac Asimov, 2nd ed., Doubleday & C., Inc., ISBN 0-385-17771-2.
  3. ^ a b "Charles Thomson Rees Wilson's biography". Archived from the original on 3 August 2004. Retrieved 5 April 2004.
  4. ^ a b Longair, Malcolm S. (2006). "Wilson, Charles Thomson Rees (1869–1959)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/36950. Retrieved 28 January 2017. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  5. ^ "Wilson, Charles Thomson Rees (WL888CT)". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge.
  6. ^ a b c "C.T.R. Wilson - Biographical". Nobelprize.org. Nobel Media AB. Archived from the original on 27 July 2018. Retrieved 28 January 2017.
  7. ^ Williams, Earle R. (1 August 2010). "Origin and context of C. T. R. Wilson's ideas on electron runaway in thunderclouds". Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics. 115 (A8): A00E50. Bibcode:2010JGRA..115.0E50W. doi:10.1029/2009JA014581. ISSN 2156-2202.
  8. ^ a b c d e Brocklehurst, Steven (7 December 2012). "Charles Thomson Rees Wilson: The man who made clouds". BBC News. Archived from the original on 5 December 2022. Retrieved 8 June 2017.
  9. ^ Society, Cambridge Philosophical (1895). Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society: Mathematical and physical sciences. Cambridge Philosophical Society.
  10. ^ "The effect of Röntgen's rays on cloudy condensation". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. 59 (353–358): 338–339. 1896. doi:10.1098/rspl.1895.0101. ISSN 0370-1662.
  11. ^ Phillipson, Tacye (December 2016). "Surviving Apparatus Showing the Early Development of the Cloud Chamber". Bulletin of the Scientific Instrument Society.
  12. ^ a b Halliday, E.C. (1970). "Some Memories of Prof. C.T.R. Wilson, English Pioneer in work on Thunderstorms and Lightning". Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 51 (12): 1133–1135. Bibcode:1970BAMS...51.1133H. doi:10.1175/1520-0477(1970)051<1133:smopct>2.0.co;2.
  13. ^ Toumi, Ralf (April 2021). "100 Years of meteorology at Imperial College". Weather. 76 (4): 119. Bibcode:2021Wthr...76..119T. doi:10.1002/wea.3951. ISSN 0043-1656. Archived from the original on 19 September 2024. Retrieved 21 September 2023.
  14. ^ Williams, Earle R. (August 2010). "Origin and context of C. T. R. Wilson's ideas on electron runaway in thunderclouds". Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics. 115 (A8). Bibcode:2010JGRA..115.0E50W. doi:10.1029/2009ja014581. ISSN 0148-0227. Archived from the original on 19 September 2024. Retrieved 17 September 2024.
  15. ^ A history of the Cavendish laboratory 1871–1910.With 3 portraits in a collotype and 8 other illustrations. London. 1910. hdl:2027/coo1.ark:/13960/t0ns19f2h.
  16. ^ a b Wilson, C. T. R. (1 August 1923). "Investigations on X-Rays and $ \beta $-Rays by the Cloud Method. Part I. X-Rays". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences. 104 (724): 1–24. Bibcode:1923RSPSA.104....1W. doi:10.1098/rspa.1923.0090. ISSN 1364-5021.
  17. ^ a b Wilson, C. T. R. (9 June 1911). "On a Method of Making Visible the Paths of Ionising Particles through a Gas". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences. 85 (578): 285–288. Bibcode:1911RSPSA..85..285W. doi:10.1098/rspa.1911.0041. ISSN 1364-5021.
  18. ^ a b c Wilson, C. T. R. (2 August 1956). "A Theory of Thundercloud Electricity". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences. 236 (1206): 297–317. Bibcode:1956RSPSA.236..297W. doi:10.1098/rspa.1956.0137. ISSN 1364-5021. S2CID 98637297.
  19. ^ a b Bowler, Sue (7 December 2012). "C T R Wilson, a Great Scottish Physicist: His Life, Work and Legacy" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 October 2017. Retrieved 9 June 2017.
  20. ^ a b "C. T. R. Wilson". Physics Today (2): 9306. 2017. Bibcode:2017PhT..2017b9306.. doi:10.1063/pt.5.031417.
  21. ^ a b Gooding, David; Pinch, Trevor; Schaffer, Simon (18 May 1989). The Uses of Experiment: Studies in the Natural Sciences. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521337687. Archived from the original on 19 September 2024. Retrieved 5 October 2020.
  22. ^ Harrison, Giles (1 October 2011). "The cloud chamber and CTR Wilson's legacy to atmospheric science" (PDF). Weather. 66 (10): 276–279. Bibcode:2011Wthr...66..276H. doi:10.1002/wea.830. ISSN 1477-8696. S2CID 2428610. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 September 2022. Retrieved 13 July 2019.
  23. ^ a b Aplin, Karen L. (1 April 2013). "CTR Wilson – Honouring a Great Scottish Physicist". Weather. 68 (4): 96. Bibcode:2013Wthr...68...96A. doi:10.1002/wea.2095. ISSN 1477-8696.
  24. ^ "Planetary Names: Crater, craters: Wilson on Moon". planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov. Archived from the original on 30 December 2019. Retrieved 28 January 2017.
  25. ^ Glasstone, Samuel; Dolan, Philip J., eds. (1977). The effects of nuclear weapons (3rd ed.). Washington: U.S. Department of Defense. p. 45. hdl:2027/uc1.31822004829784.
  26. ^ "About | Wilson Society". www.srcf.ucam.org. Archived from the original on 2 February 2017. Retrieved 28 January 2017.
  27. ^ "Papers of Charles Thomson Rees Wilson, 1869–1959, Nobel Prize winner and Professor of Natural Philosophy, University of Cambridge – Archives Hub". Archived from the original on 7 December 2022. Retrieved 28 January 2017.
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Academic offices
Preceded by Jacksonian Professor of Natural Philosophy
1875–1923 		Succeeded by
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