European New Right
The European New Right (ENR) is a far-right movement which originated in France as the Nouvelle Droite in the late 1960s by Alain de Benoist. Its proponents are involved in a global "anti-structural revolt" against modernity and post-modernity, largely in the form of loosely connected intellectual communities striving to diffuse a similar philosophy within European societies.[1]
ENR leaders are generally opposed to liberalism, individualism, egalitarianism, and the nation-state. Endorsing a communitarian and organicist worldview, they advocate the concept of ethnopluralism, which they describe as a global project opposed to multiculturalism where collective identities would coexist peacefully within separated geographical and political spaces.[2] They do not share, however, a standard and collective political agenda regarding the regime or institutions that should be adopted. Instead of seeking direct electoral results, ENR leaders promote their ideas via a common "metapolitical" practice of politics, in order to eventually achieve cultural hegemony and popular adhesion to their ideas.[3]
The European New Right has influenced the ideological and political structure of the Identitarian Movement.[4][5][6] Part of the alt-right also claims to have been inspired by Alain de Benoist's writings, arguably the most influential figure of the movement.[7]
History
[edit]The European New Right (ENR) emerged in France from the Nouvelle Droite, an intellectual movement linked to the ethno-nationalist think tank GRECE, established in 1968 by Alain de Benoist and Dominique Venner. The original prominence of the French nucleus has declined over the decades, and the movement now appears in the form of a European network of various groups, parties and intellectuals, all sharing ideological similarities and affinities between each other.[2] Among them are the Neue Rechte in Germany, New Right (defunct) in the United Kingdom, Nieuw Rechts (defunct) and Deltastichting in the Netherlands and Flanders, Forza Nuova in Italy, Imperium Europa in Malta, Nova Hrvatska Desnica in Croatia, or Noua Dreapta in Romania.[8] In Italy, the Nueva Destra emerged from the initiative of a group of young members of the neo-fascist party Italian Social Movement.[9] In the 1980s, de Benoist's ideas were introduced and promoted in West Germany by Neue Rechte philosopher Armin Mohler.[10]
Ideology
[edit]The ENR has gone through several re-syntheses since its emergence in the late 1960s. The last attempt at a common doctrine dates back to the manifesto "The New Right in the year 2000". Its leading ideas were "the critique of liberalism and of the commodification of the world; the rejection of individualism; an attachment to an organicist and communitarian view of society; the rejection of egalitarianism and of the various forms of monotheism from which it arose; the promotion of well-rooted collective identities and of the "right to difference"; the rejection of the nation-state as a form and the promotion of a federalist model that applies the principle of subsidiarity; and a view of international relations based on the idea of a multi-polar world in which Europe would be endowed with its own nationhood, apart from American omnipotence, which is designated the chief enemy of the European peoples."[2]
While the term 'New Right' refers to an intellectual movement that emerged from several political organizations in France in 1968, it is sometimes confused with other terms such as the Alternative Right or Alt-Right. These political groups share common themes, such as a strong emphasis on nationalism and nationalist values, a critique of egalitarian principles found in central and left-leaning political ideologies, and a call to recognize individual differences, which are frequently classified by ethnic or civilizational distinctions.[11]
According to Jean-Yves Camus and Nicolas Lebourg, the core idea of the ENR is their rejection of the "eradication of cultural identities", which has been caused in the ENR worldview by the principles of standardization and egalitarianism inherent to the concept of human rights. Alain de Benoist denounces the "ideology of sameness" as the idea that both commodities and human beings are increasingly seen as identical and interchangeable.[2] According to him, the "greatest" danger in the world at the moment is the "progressive disappearance of diversity from the world", including biodiversity of animals, cultures and peoples.[12] New Right thinker Tomislav Sunić emphasized Oswald Spengler's influence on the ENR, especially his assumption that mankind does not exist as such, that "each culture passes through various cycles", and that the concept of universal history is a non-sense, as there are only a "plurality of histories and their unequal distribution in time and space."[13]
ENR thinkers believe that the West is living in an "interregnum" that will sooner or later give way to a new era in which their worldview would thrive. According to Roger Griffin, they developed, in response to this apparent post-fascist "parenthesis", a worldview founded on a "maze-way re-synthesis" of old and new ideological and ritual elements, combined in a "palingenetic metanarrative". The current political order is portrayed as needing to be abandoned or purged of its impurity, so that the "redemptive community" can leave the phase of liminal crisis to usher in the new era. Additionally, ENR leaders frequently invoke a legendary and mythical past they want to symbolically re-ground in the new society about to emerge, not in a spirit of nostalgia for the return of an ancient golden age, but rather "to create a rooted futurity, a new reality re-established on firm metaphysical foundations."[1] This idea is particularly embodied in the concept of archeofuturism promoted by Guillaume Faye.[14]
Some ENR thinkers, who belong to the Völkisch leaning of the movement,[15] highlight race and ethnicity as the core dimensions of their concept of "identity". This has led to violent rejection of "difference", Faye calling for a "total ethnic war",[16] and Pierre Vial for an "ethnic revolution" and a "war of liberation".[15][17]
Critics
[edit]Roger Griffin and Tamir Bar-On argue that the ENR is at the origin of a subtle strategy to reinvent the general framework of fascism while preserving the original fascist world view and ideas. They compare the metapolitical stance of ENR leaders to the strategy advocated by neo-fascist thinker Maurice Bardèche in his 1961 book What is Fascism?, where he averred that fascism could survive the 20th century in a new guise:[18]
The famous fascist methods are constantly revised and will continue to be revised. More important than the mechanism is the idea which fascism has created for itself of man and freedom. […] With another name, another face, and with nothing which betrays the projection from the past, with the form of a child we do not recognize and the head of a young Medusa, the Order of Sparta will be reborn: and paradoxically it will, without doubt, be the last bastion of Freedom and the sweetness of living.
— Maurice Bardèche, Qu’est-ce que le fascisme? (Paris: Les Sept Couleurs, 1961), pp. 175–176.
According to historian Roger Woods, Neue Rechte philosopher Armin Mohler "illustrates the New Right tendency to separate what it regards as a pure version of fascism from the various attempts to put it into practice. He uncouples what he calls 'fascist style' from historical fascism, and on the basis of this distinction declares: 'I am a fascist'".[19]
De Benoist has deliberately prioritized ideas and intellectual conversation above active political activity, declaring, "The value of an idea is not defined by its designation. Ideas do not have a set party-political residency. This metapolitical approach has had a considerable impact on current populist movements that want to move beyond traditional "right-wing" and "left-wing" designations to engage in alternative conversations. For most of the twentieth century, the New Right's policy of rejecting normal political techniques and popular ideas kept them on the intellectual edges. However, the introduction of the internet as a way of disseminating information has aided the wider transmission and rising impact of New Right beliefs. With the internet's ability to swiftly and widely disseminate information, parties like the Alt-Right have been able to accept and modify New Right ideologies. As a result, the internet has increased the exposure and effect of New Right views, allowing them to interact and combine with Alt-Right platforms.[11]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ a b Bar-On 2016, p. xiii.
- ^ a b c d Camus & Lebourg 2017, pp. 123–124
- ^ Camus & Lebourg 2017, pp. 120–121
- ^ Camus 2019, p. 73: "Since the early 1990s, the French New Right has been influential beyond France, especially in Italy, Germany, and Belgium, and has inspired Alexander Dugin in Russia. Part of the American radical Right and “Alt Right” also claims to have been inspired by de Benoist's writings. Although this is questionable, de Benoist and Dominique Venner are also seen as the forefathers of the “identitarian” movement in Europe."
- ^ Teitelbaum, Benjamin R. (2017). Lions of the North: Sounds of the New Nordic Radical Nationalism. Oxford University Press. p. 46. ISBN 9780190212599.
- ^ Hentges, Gudrun, Gürcan Kökgiran, and Kristina Nottbohm. "Die Identitäre Bewegung Deutschland (IBD)–Bewegung oder virtuelles Phänomen." Forschungsjournal Soziale Bewegungen 27, no. 3 (2014): 1-26. Read online (pdf) Archived 2020-01-20 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Camus 2019, p. 73.
- ^ Minkenberg, Michael (2000). "The Renewal of the Radical Right: Between Modernity and Anti-modernity". Government and Opposition. 35 (2): 170–188. doi:10.1111/1477-7053.00022.
- ^ Casadio 2014.
- ^ Woods 2007, p. 25.
- ^ a b Marcy, Richard; D'Erman, Valerie (2019). "The European "New Right" as Radical Social Innovation". Journal for the Study of Radicalism. 13 (2): 65–90. doi:10.14321/jstudradi.13.2.0065. ISSN 1930-1189.
- ^ Bar-On 2011.
- ^ Camus 2019, p. 81.
- ^ François, Stéphane (2019). "Guillaume Faye and Archeofuturism". In Sedgwick, Mark (ed.). Key Thinkers of the Radical Right: Behind the New Threat to Liberal Democracy. Oxford University Press. p. 94. ISBN 978-0-19-087760-6.
- ^ a b Zúquete, José Pedro (2018). The Identitarians: The Movement against Globalism and Islam in Europe. University of Notre Dame Press. ISBN 9780268104245.
- ^ Bar-On, Tamir (2014). "A Response to Alain de Benoist". Journal for the Study of Radicalism. 8 (2): 141. doi:10.14321/jstudradi.8.2.0123. ISSN 1930-1189. JSTOR 10.14321/jstudradi.8.2.0123.
- ^ Shields, James G. (2007). The Extreme Right in France: From Pétain to Le Pen. Routledge. p. 148. ISBN 9781134861118.
- ^ Bar-On 2016, p. xi.
- ^ Woods 2007, p. 67.
Bibliography
[edit]- Bar-On, Tamir (2011). "Intellectual Right - Wing Extremism – Alain de Benoist's Mazeway Resynthesis since 2000". In Backes, Uwe; Moreau, Patrick (eds.). The Extreme Right in Europe (1 ed.). Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. pp. 333–358. doi:10.13109/9783666369223.333. ISBN 978-3-525-36922-7.
- Bar-On, Tamir (2013). Rethinking the French New Right: Alternatives to Modernity. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-96633-1.
- Bar-On, Tamir (2016). Where Have All The Fascists Gone?. Routledge. ISBN 978-1351873130.
- Camus, Jean-Yves; Lebourg, Nicolas (2017). Far-Right Politics in Europe. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0674971530.
- Camus, Jean-Yves (2019). "Alain de Benoist and the New Right". In Sedgwick, Mark (ed.). Key Thinkers of the Radical Right: Behind the New Threat to Liberal Democracy. Oxford University Press. pp. 73–90. ISBN 9780190877613.
- Casadio, Massimiliano Capra (2014). "The New Right and Metapolitics in France and Italy". Journal for the Study of Radicalism. 8 (1): 45–86. doi:10.14321/jstudradi.8.1.0045. ISSN 1930-1189. JSTOR 10.14321/jstudradi.8.1.0045.
- Copsey, Nigel (2013). "Au Revoir to "Sacred Cows"? Assessing the Impact of the Nouvelle Droite in Britain". Democracy and Security. 9 (3): 287–303. doi:10.1080/17419166.2013.792249.
- Marchi, Riccardo (2016). "The Nouvelle Droite in Portugal: a new strategy for the radical right in the transition from authoritarianism to democracy". Patterns of Prejudice. 50 (3): 232–252. doi:10.1080/0031322X.2016.1207924. ISSN 0031-322X.
- Taguieff, Pierre-André (1994). Sur la Nouvelle Droite: jalons d'une analyse critique. Descartes et Cie. ISBN 978-2910301026.
- Woods, Roger (2007). Germany's New Right as Culture and Politics. Springer. ISBN 978-0230801332.
Primary sources
[edit]- Bardèche, Maurice (1961). Qu'est-ce que le fascisme ?. Les Sept couleurs. ISBN 9781351873130.
- De Benoist, Alain (1977). View from the Right. Arktos Media. ISBN 978-1912079971.
- Faye, Guillaume (2000). The Colonisation of Europe. Arktos Media. ISBN 978-1910524725.
- Mohler, Armin (1950). The Conservative Revolution in Germany, 1918–1932. Radix. ISBN 978-1593680596.