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East Pacific Rise

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Map
Approximate surface projection on Pacific Ocean of East Pacific Rise (purple). In some usage this continues as the Pacific-Antarctic Ridge (violet). Features associated with fracture zones (orange) are also shown (lighter orange). Click to expand map to obtain interactive fracture zone details.[1]
Relief map with the East Pacific Rise (shown in light blue), extending south from the Gulf of California

The East Pacific Rise (EPR) is a mid-ocean rise (usually termed an oceanic rise and not a mid-ocean ridge due to its higher rate of spreading that results in less elevation increase and more regular terrain), at a divergent tectonic plate boundary, located along the floor of the Pacific Ocean. It separates the Pacific Plate to the west from (north to south) the North American Plate, the Rivera Plate, the Cocos Plate, the Nazca Plate, and the Antarctic Plate. It runs south from the Gulf of California in the Salton Sea basin in Southern California to a point near 55°S 130°W / 55°S 130°W / -55; -130, where it joins the Pacific-Antarctic Ridge (PAR) trending west-south-west towards Antarctica, near New Zealand (though in some uses the PAR is regarded as the southern section of the EPR). Much of the rise lies about 3,200 km (2,000 mi) off the South American coast and reaches a height about 1,800–2,700 m (5,900–8,900 ft) above the surrounding seafloor.

Overview

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East Pacific Rise, 21 degrees north. Base of "black smoker" chimney

The oceanic crust is moving away from the East Pacific Rise to either side. Near Easter Island the rate is over 150 mm (6 in) per year which is the fastest in the world.[2] However, on the northern end, it is much slower at only roughly 60 mm (2+1⁄2 in) per year.[3][4] On the eastern side of the rise, the eastward-moving Cocos and Nazca plates meet the westward moving South American Plate and the North American Plate and are being subducted under them. The belt of volcanos along the Andes and the arc of volcanoes through Central America and Mexico are the direct results of this collision. Due east of the Baja California Peninsula, the Rise is sometimes referred to as the Gulf of California Rift Zone. In this area, newly formed oceanic crust is intermingled with rifted continental crust originating from the North American Plate.

Near Easter Island, the East Pacific Rise meets the Chile Rise at the Easter Island and Juan Fernandez microplates, trending off to the east where it subducts under the South American Plate at the Peru–Chile Trench along the coast of southern Chile. This portion of the Rise has been referred to as the Cape Adare-Easter Island Ridge, Albatross Cordillera, Easter Island Cordillera, Easter Island Rise, and Easter Island Swell.[5]

Parts of the East Pacific Rise have oblique spreading, such as the Nazca–Pacific plate boundary between 29°S and 32°S.[6] This is seafloor spreading that is not orthogonal to the nearest ridge segment.[6]

The southern extension of the East Pacific Rise (the PAR) merges with the Southeast Indian Ridge at the Macquarie Triple Junction south of New Zealand. The southern stretch of the East Pacific Rise is also one of the fastest-spreading divergent boundaries on Earth,[2][7] peaking at 79.3 mm (3.12 in)/year.[8]

Along the East Pacific Rise the hydrothermal vents called black smokers were first discovered by the RISE project in 1979, and have since been extensively studied.[9] These vents are forming volcanogenic massive sulfide ore deposits on the ocean floor.[10][11] Many unique deep-water creatures have been found with vents, that subsist in a chemosynthetic ecosystem rather than one using photosynthesis.[12]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b DeMets, Charles; Gordon, Richard G.; Argus, Donald F. (2010). "Geologically current plate motions". Geophysical Journal International. 181 (1): 52. Bibcode:2010GeoJI.181....1D. doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2009.04491.x.
  2. ^ "Understanding plate motions". United States Geographical Survey. Retrieved 26 June 2013.
  3. ^ "East Pacific Rise". Encyclopædia Britannica.
  4. ^ "Marine Gazetteer:Easter Island Rise". Retrieved 8 November 2023.
  5. ^ a b Zhang, Tuo; Gordon, Richard G.; Wang, Chengzu (2018). "Oblique seafloor spreading across intermediate and superfast spreading centers". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 495: 146–156. Bibcode:2018E&PSL.495..146Z. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2018.05.001. S2CID 135028765.
  6. ^ Searle, Roger (2013-09-19). Mid-ocean ridges. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781107017528. OCLC 842323181.
  7. ^ Sykes, Lynn R.; Ekstörm, Göran (2011). "Earthquakes along Eltanin transform system, SE Pacific Ocean: fault segments characterized by strong and poor seismic coupling and implications for long-term earthquake prediction". Geophysical Journal International. 188 (2): 421–434. Bibcode:2012GeoJI.188..421S. doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2011.05284.x.
  8. ^ Spiess, F. N.; Macdonald, K. C.; Atwater, T.; Ballard, R.; Carranza, A.; Cordoba, D.; Cox, C.; Garcia, V. M. D.; Francheteau, J. (1980-03-28). "East Pacific Rise: Hot Springs and Geophysical Experiments". Science. 207 (4438): 1421–1433. Bibcode:1980Sci...207.1421S. doi:10.1126/science.207.4438.1421. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 17779602. S2CID 28363398.
  9. ^ Haymon, Rachel M.; Kastner, Miriam (1981). "Hot spring deposits on the East Pacific Rise at 21°N: preliminary description of mineralogy and genesis". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 53 (3): 363–381. Bibcode:1981E&PSL..53..363H. doi:10.1016/0012-821X(81)90041-8.
  10. ^ Herzig, P. M.; Petersen, S.; Hannington, M. D. (2000), Polymetallic Massive Sulphide Deposits at the Modern Seafloor and their Resource Potential (PDF), ISA Technical Study, No. 2, International Seabed Authority, p. 8, archived from the original (PDF) on 2022-01-09, retrieved 2015-05-24
  11. ^ Corliss, John B.; Dymond, Jack; Gordon, Louis I.; Edmond, John M.; von Herzen, Richard P.; Ballard, Robert D.; Green, Kenneth; Williams, David; Bainbridge, Arnold (1979-03-16). "Submarine Thermal Springs on the Galápagos Rift". Science. 203 (4385): 1073–1083. Bibcode:1979Sci...203.1073C. doi:10.1126/science.203.4385.1073. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 17776033. S2CID 39869961.
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