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NCAA Division I independent schools (ice hockey)

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NCAA Division I independent schools are teams that compete in NCAA ice hockey but are not members of a conference. There are several current schools who, at one time or another, competed as Division I independents.

Current independent programs

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Men

[edit]
Institution Team Location Founded Type Enrollment Years Primary Conference
Long Island University Sharks[1] Brooklyn & Brookville, New York 1926 Private 15,197[a] 2020–present Northeast Conference
University of Alaska Anchorage Seawolves Anchorage, Alaska 1954 Public 15,174 1984–1985
1988–1993
2022–present		 GNAC
University of Alaska Fairbanks Nanooks Fairbanks, Alaska 1917 Public 6,813 1925–1985
1988–1993
2021–present		 GNAC
Lindenwood University Lions St. Charles, Missouri 1827 Private 6,491 2022–present Ohio Valley Conference
Stonehill College Skyhawks Easton, Massachusetts 1948 Private 2,500 2022–present Northeast Conference
  1. ^ Combined entollment at LIU's Brooklyn and Post (Brookville) campuses. The hockey team is open to undergraduates at both campuses who meet NCAA eligibility requirements.
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NCAA Division I independents within the Contiguous United States
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NCAA Division I independents in Alaska

Alaska played infrequently as an independent program prior to 1985. It returned to independent status after the Great West Hockey Conference dissolved in 1988 and then joined the CCHA in 1995. The team was one of two final members of the men's division of the WCHA in 2021 and formally dissolved the men's side of the conference in 2021 (the WCHA remains in operation as a women-only league).[2]

Alaska-Anchorage first moved to D1 status in hockey in 1984, and played its first couple years as an independent before joining the newly founded GWHC alongside the Nanooks. After it dissolved, the Seawolves also played as an independent before joining the WCHA in 1994, around the same time Alaska joined the nearby CCHA. In 2020, the University of Alaska announced that UAA hockey would be cut after the 2020-21 season due to a reduction in state funding unless the program could raise 3 million dollars, and the program went on hiatus that year while its future was uncertain.[3] Ultimately, the program was saved, and it returned to play in the 2022-23 season as an independent, following the dissolution of the men's side of its former conference, the WCHA.[4]

The LIU Sharks launched their men's program for the 2020–21 season, a year after starting a women's ice hockey program.

With the 2020–21 season dramatically impacted by COVID-19, LIU was in a scheduling alliance with a Division I conferences for that season, Atlantic Hockey.[1]

In 2021–22, Lindenwood fielded two separate men's club teams, each playing at a different level of the American Collegiate Hockey Association (ACHA), which governs the sport at club level. On March 23, 2022, Lindenwood announced that it would launch a Division I men's varsity program starting in the 2022–23 season, while maintaining its ACHA program. This announcement came shortly after the school announced it was starting a transition from Division II to Division I in July 2022, joining the non-hockey Ohio Valley Conference.[5]

On April 5, 2022, Stonehill, then a member of the D-II Northeast-10 Conference (NE-10), announced it was joining the Northeast Conference (which also does not sponsor ice hockey) that July, starting its own transition to D-I. Before this announcement, Stonehill had been one of seven NE-10 members that played men's ice hockey under Division II regulations, despite the NCAA not sponsoring a championship event at that level. (All other D-II schools with varsity men's ice hockey play under D-I regulations.)[6]

Women

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No women's program has competed as an independent in the National Collegiate division of women's ice hockey, the de facto equivalent of Division I in that sport, since the 2018–19 season. The NCAA has never sponsored a Division II championship in the sport, although it does sponsor a Division III championship.

Five schools competed as independents in the 2018–19 season, all participating in the nascent New England Women's Hockey Alliance (NEWHA), which had originally been established in 2017 as a scheduling alliance among all of the then-current National Collegiate independents. The NEWHA initially included six schools, but Holy Cross left after the inaugural 2017–18 NEWHA season to join Hockey East. The NEWHA officially organized as a conference in advance of the 2018–19 season,[7] but was not officially recognized by the NCAA as a Division I league until the 2019–20 season, by which time the newly launched LIU program had joined as the sixth member.[8]

The newest National Collegiate hockey school is Assumption, which joined the NEWHA for administrative purposes in 2022 but did not start conference play until launching its varsity team a year later.[9] Also, Robert Morris, which had dropped the sport after the 2020–21 season due to COVID-19 impacts, resumed play in 2023–24, returning to its previous conference of College Hockey America.[10]

Arenas

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School Arena Location Capacity
Alaska Carlson Center Fairbanks, Alaska 4,595
Alaska Anchorage Seawolf Sports Complex Anchorage, Alaska 800
Lindenwood Centene Community Ice Center Maryland Heights, Missouri 2,500
LIU Northwell Health Ice Center East Meadow, New York 500
Stonehill Bridgewater Ice Arena Bridgewater, Massachusetts 1,000

Current programs which were at one point independent

[edit]

Men

[edit]
School Years Subsequent conference Notes
Air Force Falcons[11] 1968–1999 CHA Joined Atlantic Hockey in 2006.
Arizona State Sun Devils[12] 2015–2023 NCHC Joined the National Collegiate Hockey Conference (NCHC) in 2024.
Army Black Knights[13] 1903–1961
1991–1999		 ECAC
CHA		 Joined Atlantic Hockey in 2000.
Bemidji State Beavers[14] 1947–1950 dropped program Bemidji returned to Division I in 1999 as a charter member of College Hockey America, and moved to the WCHA for 2010–11. The Beavers were among the schools that revived the CCHA in 2021.
Boston College Eagles[15] 1917–1961 ECAC Currently competes in Hockey East.
Boston University Terriers[16] 1917–1943
1945–1961		 suspended program
ECAC		 Currently competes in Hockey East.
Brown Bears[17] 1897–1961 ECAC
Clarkson Golden Knights[18] 1920–1950 Tri-State League Clarkson was a member of the Tri-State League concurrently with ECAC from 1961 until the Tri-State's dissolution in 1972.
Colgate Raiders[19] 1915–1917
1920–1950
1957–1961		 dropped program
Tri-State League
ECAC		 Colgate dropped their program in 1951 due to the lack of an indoor facility but returned to the ice in 1957.
Colorado College Tigers[20] 1937–1951
1958–1959		 MCHL
WCHA		 Joined the National Collegiate Hockey Conference (NCHC) in 2013.
Cornell Big Red[21] 1900–1903
1906–1916
1920–1931
1933–1948
1957–1961		 dropped program
suspended program
suspended program
dropped program
ECAC
Dartmouth Big Green[22] 1905–1918
1919–1961		 suspended program
ECAC
Denver Pioneers[23] 1949–1951
1958–1959		 MCHL
WCHA		 Joined the NCHC in 2013.
Harvard Crimson[24] 1897–1917
1918–1943
1945–1961		 suspended program
suspended program
ECAC
UMass Minutemen[25] 1908–1939
1947–1951
1953–1961
1993–1994		 dropped program
dropped program
ECAC Hockey
Hockey East		 Joined ECAC 2 in 1964. Dropped program from 1979 until 1993.
Merrimack Warriors[26] 1956–1961 ECAC Hockey Joined ECAC 2 in 1964. Returned to Division I in 1989 as a member of Hockey East.
Miami RedHawks[27] 1978–1980 CCHA Joined the NCHC in 2013.
Michigan Wolverines[28] 1922–1951 MCHL Was also a member of the Big Ten from 1958 through 1981. Moved to CCHA in 1981. Joined the new Big Ten men's hockey league in 2013.
Michigan State Spartans[29] 1921–1930
1949–1951		 dropped program
MCHL		 Was also a member of the Big Ten from 1958 through 1981. Moved to CCHA in 1981. Joined the new Big Ten men's hockey league in 2013.
Michigan Tech Huskies[30] 1919–1951
1958–1959		 MCHL
WCHA		 Played in the CCHA from 1981–84. Re-joined the WCHA in 1984; became part of the revived CCHA in 2021.
Minnesota Golden Gophers[31] 1921–1951 MCHL Was also a member of the Big Ten from 1958 through 1981. Joined the new Big Ten men's hockey league in 2013.
Minnesota–Duluth Bulldogs[32] 1930–1932
1946–1949
1961–1965		 dropped program
MIAC
WCHA		 Joined the NCHC in 2013.
Minnesota State Mavericks[33] 1996–1999 WCHA After moving up from Division II and before joining the WCHA. Became a member of the revived CCHA in 2021.
New Hampshire Wildcats[34] 1924–1961 ECAC Currently competes in Hockey East.
Niagara Purple Eagles[35] 1997–1999 CHA Niagara began varsity hockey in 1997, and became a charter member of the CHA in 1999. They moved to Atlantic Hockey for 2010–11.
North Dakota Fighting Hawks[36] 1929–1936
1946–1951
1958–1959		 dropped program
MCHL
WCHA		 Joined the NCHC in 2013.
Northeastern Huskies[37] 1929–1961 ECAC Hockey Currently competes in Hockey East.
Northern Michigan Wildcats[38] 1976–1977 CCHA Joined the WCHA in 2013; joined the revived CCHA in 2021.
Notre Dame Fighting Irish[39] 1912–1927
1968–1971
1984–1991		 dropped program
WCHA
CCHA		 Left the CCHA in 2013 for Hockey East; moved to the Big Ten in 2017.
Ohio State Buckeyes[40] 1963–1971
1973–1975		 CCHA
CCHA		 Joined the new Big Ten men's hockey league in 2013.
Penn State Nittany Lions 2012–2013 Big Ten In September 2010, Penn State announced they would add men's and women's NCAA Division I hockey programs in 2012, competing in their first season as an independent.[41] In March 2011, the Big Ten Conference announced that Michigan, Michigan State, and Ohio State would leave the CCHA, and Minnesota and Wisconsin announced that they would leave the WCHA to form a Big Ten hockey conference to begin play in the 2013–14 season.[42]
Princeton Tigers[43] 1899–1961 ECAC
Providence Friars[44] 1926–1927
1952–1954
1955–1961		 dropped program
Northeast League
ECAC		 Currently competes in Hockey East.
RPI Engineers[45] 1901–1950 Tri-State League Rensselaer was a member of the Tri-State League concurrently with ECAC from 1961 until the Tri-State's dissolution in 1972.
RIT Tigers[46] 2005–2006 Atlantic Hockey Played first year of its probation period after joining Division I as an independent.
Sacred Heart Pioneers[47] 1993–1998 MAAC
St. Cloud State Huskies[48] 1931–1942
1946–1961
1987–1990		 dropped program
College Division
WCHA		 Dropped their program during World War II. Relegated to second-tier level when the division was formalized in 1961. Joined the NCHC in 2013.
St. Lawrence Saints[49] 1925–1930
1938–1950		 dropped program
Tri-State League

St. Lawrence was a member of the Tri-State League concurrently with ECAC from 1961 until the Tri-State's dissolution in 1972.

Union Dutchmen[50] 1903–1904
1905–1911
1919–1920
1921–1942
1947–1949		 dropped program
dropped program
suspended program
suspended program
dropped program		 Resumed playing in 1975 with ECAC 2. Returned to Division I in 1991 with ECAC Hockey.
Wisconsin Badgers[51] 1921–1935
1963–1969		 dropped program
WCHA		 Joined the new Big Ten men's hockey league in 2013.
Yale Bulldogs[52] 1895–1961 ECAC Yale is the oldest active NCAA program.

Women

[edit]
School Years Subsequent conference Notes
Clarkson Golden Knights[53] 2003–2004 ECAC Played the first year of their program as an independent before joining the ECAC.
Franklin Pierce Ravens 2017–2019 NEWHA Moved from the Division III NEHC in 2017, joining the NEWHA.[54] Left independent status upon NCAA recognition of the NEWHA.
Holy Cross Crusaders[55] 2017–2018 Hockey East After playing as a de facto Division III program from the varsity program's creation in 1999–2000, joined the NEWHA at its formation in 2017–18 before moving to Hockey East the following season.
Lindenwood Lady Lions 2011–2012 CHA The university competed as an independent for the 2011–12 season during the transition process of joining the NCAA from NAIA, during which, the team was reclassifying from ACHA Division I to NCAA Division I. Lindenwood placed an application in Fall 2011 and was accepted as a member of CHA starting in the 2012–13 season.[56]
Post Eagles 2017–2019 NEWHA Played inaugural women's hockey season of 2016–17 as a Division III independent ineligible for postseason play.[57] Joined the NEWHA at its formation in 2017 and left independent status upon NCAA recognition of the NEWHA.
Quinnipiac Bobcats[58] 2002–2004 CHA Left the ECAC after 2002 and spent two years playing as an independent before joining the CHA. They returned to the ECAC after one season in the CHA.
RPI Engineers[59] 2005–2006 ECAC Moved up from Division III (where they were a member of the ECAC East) in 2005.
Sacred Heart Pioneers[60] 2003–2019 NEWHA Moved from the Division III ECAC East in 2003. Founding member of the NEWHA in 2017; left independent status upon NCAA recognition of that league.
Saint Anselm Hawks 2017–2019 NEWHA Moved from the Division III NEHC in 2017, joining the NEWHA.[61] Left independent status upon NCAA recognition of the NEWHA.
Saint Michael's Purple Knights 2017–2019 NEWHA Moved from the Division III NEHC in 2017, joining the NEWHA.[62] Left independent status upon NCAA recognition of the NEWHA.
UConn Huskies[63] 2000–2001 ECAC Played the first year of their program as an independent before joining the ECAC, and moving to Hockey East in 2002.

Defunct teams

[edit]

Men

[edit]
School Years Subsequent conference Notes
Alabama–Huntsville Chargers[64] 1987–1992
1998–1999
2010–2013		 Division II
CHA
WCHA		 The Chargers first competed as a Division I independent between stints in Division II. After winning 2 championships and finishing as runners-up twice more, UAH returned to Division I in 1998, spending one season as an independent before becoming a charter member of College Hockey America. Following the demise of the men's side of CHA, and being denied entry to the CCHA,[65] the Chargers were independent for three seasons (2010–11 to 2012–13)[66] until joining the Western Collegiate Hockey Association beginning in the 2013–14 season.[67] The team was temporarily suspended in 2021. The university currently plans to bring the program back when they secure placement in a Division I conference.
Carnegie Tech Tartans[68] 1905–1909
1920–1921		 Intercollegiate League
dropped program		 The program was suspended after 1910 when the Intercollegiate League collapsed. The team resurfaced in 1937 in the Penn-Ohio League but discontinued the program in 1940.
Case Rough Riders 1909–1911 dropped program The team resurfaced in 1938 in the Penn-Ohio League but discontinued the program after the collapse of the conference in 1941.
Columbia Lions 1896–1915
1920–1923
1937–1938		 dropped program
dropped program
dropped program
Johns Hopkins Blue Jays 1894–1898 dropped program Johns Hopkins played the first two intercollegiate games against Yale in 1896.[69]
Kent State Golden Flashes [70] 1985–1992 CCHA Program folded in 1994.
Illinois Fighting Illini[71] 1937–1943 dropped program
UIC Flames[72] 1981–1982 CCHA Moved up from Division II in 1981. Program folded in 1996.
MIT Engineers[73] 1900–1961 ECAC The program joined the lower-tier division in 1964 and was dropped in 1975.
Northern Arizona Lumberjacks [74][75] 1980–1985 GWHC Folded their program after one season in the GWHC due to rink problems.
Penn Quakers[76] 1896–1899
1900–1901
1908–1911
1919–1924
1928–1930
1958–1967		 suspended program
dropped program
dropped program
dropped program
dropped program
ECAC		 Program ended after the 1977-78 season.
Pittsburgh Panthers[77] 1898–1900
1906–1909		 dropped program
Intercollegiate League		 The program was suspended when the Intercollegiate League collapsed in 1910. The team restarted with the inception of the Penn-Ohio League in 1937 but was suspended after just two seasons.
Saint Louis Billikens[78] 1970–1971 CCHA St. Louis was a founding member of the CCHA and continued with the conference until the program was demoted to club status in 1979.
They currently play as an unrecognized Division II team.
Syracuse Orange[79] 1911–1913
1923–1928
1939–1940		 dropped program
dropped program
dropped program
US International Gulls[75][80] 1979–1985 GWHC Dropped their program in 1988.
Villanova Wildcats[81][82] 1929–1932 dropped program Returned as a Division III team and later dropped their program again after the 1997–1998 season for Title IX reasons.
Western Reserve Red Cats 1909–1911 dropped program The team resurfaced in 1937 in the Penn-Ohio League but discontinued the program after the collapse of the conference in 1941.

Women

[edit]
School Years Subsequent conference Notes
North Dakota Fighting Hawks[83] 2002–2004 WCHA Played the first years of their program as an independent before joining the WCHA. Dropped women's ice hockey after the 2016–17 season.[84]

See also

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Notes

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References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b "Men's Hockey Announced as Atlantic Hockey Scheduling Partner" (Press release). LIU Sharks. October 15, 2020. Retrieved October 19, 2020.
  2. ^ "After 70 years, WCHA men's league officially disbanded". Bemidji Pioneer. July 2, 2021. Retrieved August 13, 2021.
  3. ^ "Alaska Anchorage, already cutting hockey program in 2021, opts out of 2020-21 season due to COVID concerns". USCHO.com. November 13, 2020. Retrieved February 2, 2021.
  4. ^ "Anchorage Program Hoping It's Back to Stay". collegehockeynews.com. November 16, 2021. Retrieved April 22, 2022.
  5. ^ "Lindenwood Adds NCAA Men's Division I Ice Hockey" (Press release). Lindenwood Lions. March 23, 2022. Retrieved June 22, 2022.
  6. ^ "Stonehill College Accepts Invitation to Join Northeast Conference" (Press release). Northeast Conference. April 5, 2022. Retrieved June 22, 2022.
  7. ^ "NEWHA announces intent to be recognized as NCAA national collegiate women's hockey conference". USCHO.com. September 26, 2018. Retrieved October 7, 2018.
  8. ^ "New England Women's Hockey Alliance approved for NCAA Division I status, effective with '19-20 season". USCHO.com. September 4, 2019. Retrieved October 14, 2019.
  9. ^ "Assumption accepts invitation to join NEWHA as its eighth member" (Press release). New England Women's Hockey Alliance. June 29, 2022. Retrieved July 16, 2022.
  10. ^ "College Hockey America Reinstates RMU" (Press release). Robert Morris Colonials. March 3, 2022. Retrieved March 9, 2022.
  11. ^ "Statistics :: History :: Air Force :: Men's Hockey :: USCHO.com :: U.S. College Hockey Online". USCHO.com. Retrieved April 18, 2010.
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  13. ^ "Statistics :: History :: Army :: Men's Hockey :: USCHO.com :: U.S. College Hockey Online". USCHO.com. Retrieved April 18, 2010.
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  19. ^ "Statistics :: History :: Colgate :: Men's Hockey :: USCHO.com :: U.S. College Hockey Online". USCHO.com. Retrieved April 18, 2010.
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  30. ^ "Statistics :: History :: Michigan Tech :: Men's Hockey :: USCHO.com :: U.S. College Hockey Online". USCHO.com. Retrieved April 18, 2010.
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  32. ^ "Statistics :: History :: Minnesota-Duluth :: Men's Hockey :: USCHO.com :: U.S. College Hockey Online". USCHO.com. Retrieved April 18, 2010.
  33. ^ "Statistics :: History :: Minnesota State :: Men's Hockey :: USCHO.com :: U.S. College Hockey Online". USCHO.com. Retrieved April 18, 2010.
  34. ^ "Statistics :: History :: New Hampshire :: Men's Hockey :: USCHO.com :: U.S. College Hockey Online". USCHO.com. Retrieved April 18, 2010.
  35. ^ "Statistics :: History :: Niagara :: Men's Hockey :: USCHO.com :: U.S. College Hockey Online". USCHO.com. Retrieved April 18, 2010.
  36. ^ "Statistics :: History :: North Dakota :: Men's Hockey :: USCHO.com :: U.S. College Hockey Online". USCHO.com. Retrieved April 18, 2010.
  37. ^ "Statistics :: History :: Northeastern :: Men's Hockey :: USCHO.com :: U.S. College Hockey Online". USCHO.com. Retrieved April 18, 2010.
  38. ^ "Statistics :: History :: Northern Michigan :: Men's Hockey :: USCHO.com :: U.S. College Hockey Online". USCHO.com. Retrieved April 18, 2010.
  39. ^ "Statistics :: History :: Notre Dame :: Men's Hockey :: USCHO.com :: U.S. College Hockey Online". USCHO.com. Retrieved April 18, 2010.
  40. ^ "Statistics :: History :: Ohio State :: Men's Hockey :: USCHO.com :: U.S. College Hockey Online". USCHO.com. Retrieved April 18, 2010.
  41. ^ Giger, Cory (August 6, 2010). "Penn State 'close' to adding arena, Division I hockey". Altoona Mirror. Retrieved September 13, 2010.
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  43. ^ "Statistics :: History :: Princeton :: Men's Hockey :: USCHO.com :: U.S. College Hockey Online". USCHO.com. Retrieved April 18, 2010.
  44. ^ "Statistics :: History :: Providence :: Men's Hockey :: USCHO.com :: U.S. College Hockey Online". USCHO.com. Retrieved April 18, 2010.
  45. ^ "Statistics :: History :: Rensselaer :: Men's Hockey :: USCHO.com :: U.S. College Hockey Online". USCHO.com. Retrieved April 18, 2010.
  46. ^ "Statistics :: History :: RIT :: Men's Hockey :: USCHO.com :: U.S. College Hockey Online". USCHO.com. Retrieved April 18, 2010.
  47. ^ "Statistics :: History :: Sacred Heart :: Men's Hockey :: USCHO.com :: U.S. College Hockey Online". USCHO.com. Retrieved April 18, 2010.
  48. ^ "Statistics :: History :: St. Cloud State :: Men's Hockey :: USCHO.com :: U.S. College Hockey Online". USCHO.com. Retrieved April 18, 2010.
  49. ^ "Statistics :: History :: St. Lawrence :: Men's Hockey :: USCHO.com :: U.S. College Hockey Online". USCHO.com. Retrieved April 18, 2010.
  50. ^ "Statistics :: History :: Union :: Men's Hockey :: USCHO.com :: U.S. College Hockey Online". USCHO.com. Retrieved April 18, 2010.
  51. ^ "Statistics :: History :: Wisconsin :: Men's Hockey :: USCHO.com :: U.S. College Hockey Online". USCHO.com. Retrieved April 18, 2010.
  52. ^ "Statistics :: History :: Yale :: Men's Hockey :: USCHO.com :: U.S. College Hockey Online". USCHO.com. Retrieved April 18, 2010.
  53. ^ "Statistics :: History :: Clarkson :: Women's Hockey :: USCHO.com :: U.S. College Hockey Online". USCHO.com. Retrieved April 21, 2010.
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  60. ^ "Statistics :: History :: Sacred :: Women's Hockey :: USCHO.com :: U.S. College Hockey Online". USCHO.com. Retrieved April 21, 2010.
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  62. ^ "Saint Michael's College Women's Ice Hockey Record Book" (PDF). Saint Michael's Purple Knights. Retrieved October 7, 2018.
  63. ^ "Statistics :: History :: Connecticut :: Women's Hockey :: USCHO.com :: U.S. College Hockey Online". USCHO.com. Retrieved April 21, 2010.
  64. ^ "Statistics :: History :: Alabama-Huntsville :: Men's Hockey :: USCHO.com :: U.S. College Hockey Online". USCHO.com. Retrieved April 18, 2010.
  65. ^ McLaughlin, Budd (August 11, 2009). "UAH denied admission to Central Collegiate Hockey Association". The Huntsville Times.
  66. ^ McLaughlin, Budd (September 23, 2009). "UAH program standing alone". The Huntsville Times.
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  69. ^ "History on Ice". Yale Alumni Magazine. Retrieved January 1, 2020.
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  72. ^ "Illinois-Chicago Flames Men's Hockey: Year-By-Year". USCHO.com. Retrieved April 19, 2010.
  73. ^ "MIT Engineers Men's Hockey: Year-By-Year". USCHO.com. Retrieved April 19, 2010.
  74. ^ "Northern Arizona Lumberjacks Men's Hockey: Year-By-Year". USCHO.com. Retrieved April 19, 2010.
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  77. ^ The Owl 1911. 1911. p. 206. Retrieved June 28, 2013.
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  80. ^ "U.S. International Gulls Men's Hockey: Year-By-Year". USCHO.com. Retrieved April 19, 2010.
  81. ^ "History – Defunct Teams". College Hockey News.
  82. ^ "Villanova University Statistics and History". Hockey DB.
  83. ^ "Statistics :: History :: North Dakota :: Women's Hockey :: USCHO.com :: U.S. College Hockey Online". USCHO.com. Retrieved April 21, 2010.
  84. ^ "Deep budget cuts force UND to eliminate three varsity sports" (Press release). North Dakota Fighting Hawks. March 29, 2017. Retrieved April 1, 2017.
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